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一、引言肖像画起源甚早,在魏晋南北朝时已有不少士大夫画家专门创作,然自宋元写意画兴起后,文人渐渐不屑于从事肖像画,致使肖像画之创作始渐沦为民间画工的专业。明末清初,曾鲸(1564年-1647年)及其“波臣派”崛起,尤其是文人的互动与参与,促使着肖像画创作逐渐向雅致化方向发展(1)。事实上,肖像画的创作自古以来与社会制度、文化背景息息相关,其功能主要可分为规鉴性、祭祀性、宴赏自娱三大类,包括宫廷肖像、民间肖像、传记
I. INTRODUCTION The origins of portraits are very early. In the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties, many literati and painter artists have been specially created. However, since the rise of the freehand paintings in the Song and Yuan dynasties, the literati gradually disdain in portraits, causing the portraits of portraits to gradually become the professions of folk painters . The late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, once whales (1564 - 1647) and the rise of their “Bauchen School”, especially the interaction and participation of literati, prompted the portraits of portraits gradually to the direction of elegant (1). In fact, the portraits of portraits have been closely linked with the social system and cultural background since ancient times, and their functions can be divided into three major categories, namely, courtesy, sacrificial offering and entertainment. These include portraits of court, folk portraits and biographies