Module9 Units3—4单元点拨

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  一、重点词汇
  1. object vi. 课文原句: When the Americans objected to this, the British would not compromise, but increased control over their American colonies instead, taking away many of their rights, and stationing soldiers there in order to make sure that the Americans would obey them. (P34L24)
  【点拨】 object vi. 反对,不赞同
  n. 物体;目标;宾语
  常见的用法有:
  (1) the object of ……的目的,……的目标
  The object of the game is to improve childrens math skills. 这个游戏的目标是提高学生的数学技能。
  (2) flying objects 飞行物 falling objects 下坠物体
  It was Galileo who discovered the theory of free falling objects.是伽利略发现了自由落体理论。
  (3) object to sb. / sth. 反对; 不赞成某人/某事;object to doing sth. 反对某人做某事
  Robson strongly objected to the terms of the contract. 罗布森强烈反对合同中的一些字眼。
  I objected to having to rewrite the article. 我反对重写文章。
  (4) object that clause, 意为“以……为理由反对,反对说……”。
  Mother objected that Jimmy was too weak to take up the job. 母亲反对说,吉米身体虚弱,不可承担那份工作。
  【拓展】 objection n. 反对,异议
  objective adj. 客观的 n. 目标,目的
  表示反对的词组还有:
  disapprove of, be against, be opposed to等。
  【真题回放】
  Considering writers different historical backgrounds, a literary critic should be in his approach to judging a piece of writing.
  A. sufficientB. objective
  C. positiveD. superior
  答案:B。
  本题考查形容词词义辨析。句意:考虑到作家的不同历史背景,文学批评家应该采用客观的方式来评判一件文学作品。sufficient充足的,objective客观的,positive积极的,superior优越的。
  2. random adj. 课文原句:These flags are more than just pieces of cloth sewn together at random with thread. (P34L1)
  【点拨】 random adj. 意为“随机的,任意的”,常构成短语at random, 意为“随机,随意”。
  The company has introduced random drug testing of its employees. 公司在员工中随机进行药品测试。
  He was not listening and made a random answer to the teachers question. 他不在听,对老师的问题胡乱作答。
  【拓展】 at random 随机,随意
  介词at构成的词组有: at large在逃,没捉到; at best至多,充其量; at length详细地; at ease无拘无束; at intervals 在间隙时间
  【真题回放】
  (1) The magician picked several persons from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. (2015扬州模拟)
  A. by accidentB. on occasion
  C. at randomD. on average
  答案: C。
  本题考查介词词组。句意:魔术师从观众中随便挑出两、三个人来帮助他完成魔术表演。
  by accident碰巧,偶然; on occasion偶尔; at random随便,随机; on average平均
  (2) Having seen several deadly traffic accidents recently, Chinas traffic police launched breath tests among all drivers. (2014泰州模拟)
  A. practicalB. random
  C. vagueD. tentative   答案:B。
  本题考查形容词词义辨析。句意:看到最近几起死亡交通事故,交警决定在驾驶员中采取随机呼气测试。practical实际的,random随机的,vague模糊的,tentative暂时的。
  3. submit vt. 课文原句:At this, the Americans demanded separation from Britain, and, on 4 July 1776, they declared that they would no longer submit to British rule. (P35L27)
  【点拨】 submit vi. 意为“顺从,屈服,投降”。
  常见的用法有:
  (1) submit (oneself) to 顺从,听从,屈服
  Mrs. Jones submitted to an operation on her right knee to relieve the pain. 琼斯夫人勉强同意对有膝盖做手术,来缓解疼痛。
  He never submits himself to fate. 他从不屈从于命运。
  (2) submit an application / proposal etc递交,呈交申请/提案等
  All applications must be submitted by Monday. 所有的申请都不可迟于周一上交。
  He submitted his proposal for urban development to the city council. 他将城市发展建议提交市议会。
  【拓展】 有关动词+to的词组有:contribute to贡献,correspond to与……一致,subscribe to订阅,同意,refer to谈到,提到,参考,turn to向某人求助,come to谈到,appeal to吸引,呼吁,apply to申请,respond / react to对……作出回应,cater to满足,迎合,object to反对,adapt to适应,adjust to调整,适应,point to指向,get to到达,add to增添
  【真题回放】
  (1) He himself to a search by the guards before entering the government building. (2015苏州期中)
  A. objectedB. submitted
  C. compromisedD. identified
  答案:B。
  本题考查动词词义辨析。句意:进入政府大楼之前,他很顺从地让保安搜身。object to反对,submit to屈服,顺从,compromise with sb.向某人妥协,identify辨认,辨别。
  (2) Each member country of the WTO must its laws and regulations and compete on the principle of fairness and cooperation. (2013苏北四市模拟)
  A. submit toB. subscribe to
  C. correspond toD. contribute to
  答案:A。
  本题考查动词词组。句意:世贸组织的每个成员国都必须服从它的法律和条例,在公平和合作的基础上竞争。submit to顺从,服从,subscribe to同意,correspond to相符,contribute to促使,导致。
  (3) All these documents must be the university you are applying for before December 31. (2014苏锡常镇模拟)
  A. donated toB. sent in
  C. submitted toD. handed in
  答案:C。
  本题考查动词词组。句意:所以文件必须在12月31日前递交给你所申请的大学。donate to捐赠,send in和hand in不可接双宾语。
  4. bound adj. 课文原句:..., then you are bound to be disappointed (P41)
  【点拨】 bound在句中是形容词,意为“一定会,很可能会”。
  Dont lie to her, and she is bound to know about it.不要对她撒谎,她肯定会知道这件事的。
  【拓展】 bound的相关词组如下:
  be bound to do... 一定会……,肯定会……;有责任或义务做……
  be bound (by sth.) to do sth. 被某事所束缚去做某事;被绑在某物上
  be bound up in sth. 热心于某事;忙于某事
  be bound up with sth. 与某事物密切相关
  The two nations were bound together by a common history.这两个国家因共同的历史而联系紧密。
  He was too bound up in his own problems to listen to any of mine. 他太专注于自己的问题而根本听不进去我的问题。   Marks problems are all bound up with his mothers death when he was ten.马克所有的问题都和十岁时母亲去世紧密联系在一起。
  【真题回放】
  Children are to meet with setbacks as they grow up, so their parents dont have to worry about it. (2014泰州模拟)
  A. consistentB. arbitrary
  C. fragileD. bound
  答案:D。
  本题考查形容词词义辨析。句意:孩子在成长的过程中注定会遇到挫折,所以父母不必担心。consistent一致的,arbitrary独断专行的,fragile易碎的,bound注定,必定。
  5. substitute v. & n. 课文原句:After..., the Irish substituted a new flag for the old one. (P7)
  【点拨】 substitute在句中作及物动词,意为“替换,替代”。
  常见的用法有:
  (1) substitute for对……替代
  The coach has to find a substitute for Tim. 教练不得不找个人来替代蒂姆。
  (2) be no substitute for sth. 对……无法替代
  Vitamin pills are no substitute for a healthy diet. 维生素片无法替代健康饮食。
  (3) substitute sth. / sb. for sth. / sb. 用……来取代……
  The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream.秘方说可以用酸奶来取代酸奶油。
  【拓展】
  substitute player 替补队员
  substitute as 作为……的替代
  【真题回放】
  (1) You have to find a job to accumulate some experience, because there is no for practical experience.(2015南通模拟)
  A. substituteB. requirement
  C. appointmentD. reference
  答案:A。
  本题考查名词词义辨析。句意:你必须找个工作来积累些经验,因为没有什么可以取代实际经验的。substitute取代,requirement要求,appointment约会,reference参考,提及。
  (2) Faced with economic slowdown, some companies are planning to use robots to human workers to reduce their labor costs. (2016南通一模)
  A. compensateB. substitute
  C. symbolizeD. discriminate
  答案:B。
  本题考查动词词义辨析。句意:面临经济下滑,一些公司打算用机器人来取代人工以降低劳力成本费用。compensate弥补,substitute代替,symbolize象征,discriminate歧视,区别。
  6. compromise 课文原句:When the Americans objected to this, the British would not compromise, but increased control over their American colonies instead, taking away many of their rights, and stationing soldiers there in order to make sure that the Americans would obey them. (P34 L24)
  【点拨】 compromise 在句中作不及物动词,意为“妥协,折中,互让,和解”。compromise还可用作名词,意思为“妥协,折中,和解”。
  She admitted that she was unable to compromise. 她坦诚她不能让步。
  【拓展】
  reach / arrive at / come to a compromise on... 就……达成妥协
  make a compromise / compromises with作出让步,与……妥协
  compromise with sb. on / over / about sth. 与某人就某事和解
  compromise between... and... 在……和……之间妥协
  His workmates demanded that he never compromise with the boss.他的同事要求他绝不要与老板妥协。
  The new government was prepared to compromise on the oil dispute. 新政府随时做好在石油争端上让步的准备。   【真题回放】
  Its really important for parents to reach a between what they want and what their kids desire.(2014苏州模拟)
  A. communicationB. conclusion
  C. compromiseD. consensus
  答案:C。
  本题考查名词词义辨析。句意:父母在自己所要求的和孩子的愿望之间取得折中非常重要。reach a compromise between... and... 在……和……之间妥协,communication交流,沟通,conclusion结论,consensus共识。
  7. rate n. & v. 课文原句:However, after the French and Indian War, the British raised the tax rates in America to a high level in order to pay for the conflict. (P34L23)
  【点拨】 rate在句中作名词,意为“比率”,它还可表示“速度;等级”。
  The unemployment rate is rising in China in recent years. 最近几年中国的失业率在上升了。
  Cars are limited to the rate of 60 miles an hour in the downtown. 在市中心,汽车限速到60英里每小时。
  My parents tried their best to give me a firstrate education. 父母竭尽全力给我接受一流的教育。
  【拓展】
  at a rate以……比率、速度
  rate作动词用时,意为“评估;划分等级”。
  How do you rate your chances of passing the final exam?
  你认为你通过期末考试的几率是多少?
  Our school doesnt rate four stars at all. 我们学校不是四星级学校。
  【真题回放】
  (1) According to the survey conducted recently, reading books does not highly among the Chinese as a leisure activity.(2015南通期中)
  A. attainB. rate
  C. rewardD. reflect
  答案:B。
  本题考查动词用法。句意:根据最近开展的调查,读书作为一种休闲方式在国人中排名并不高。attain获得,rate划分等级,reward奖赏,reflect反映。
  8. deliver vt. 课文原句:He also has twelve reindeer that help him deliver presents on Christmas Eve.(P58)
  【点拨】 deliver vt. / vi. 递送;投递(信件、货物等);发表/发布演讲;接生
  The morning mail has just been delivered. 今天早上所有的邮件都给投递了。
  They plan to deliver more food to the floodstriken area。他们计划投递更多的食物到受洪水袭击的地区。
  The professor delivered an important lecture about economic development. 教授作了关于经济发展的重要报告。
  They rushed her to hospital where doctors delivered her baby.他们把她急送医院,以便医生接生婴儿。
  【拓展】 deliver a speech 发表演讲deliver a judgment宣判deliver a warning发布警报
  deliver sb. to sb. 把某人移交给某人
  delivery n. 投递,生产
  on delivery 在投递中
  free delivery to door免费送货上门
  delivery room产房
  The king delivered a televised speech to the nation on Nov 5. 11月5日国王向全国发表电视讲话。
  He delivered a strong warning about the dangers facing the government.他严重警告当地政府所面临的危险。
  Sharett had betrayed him and delivered him to the enemy.沙雷特背叛了他并把他交给了敌人。
  【真题回放】
  In some countries, it is required by law that all tobacco products a health warning.
  A. carryB. deliver
  C. holdD. print   答案:A。
  本题考查动词词义辨析。句意:在一些国家,法律要求烟草制品上必须携带有健康警示。carry携带,传递; deliver投递,发表演讲; hold举行,容纳,抓住; print印刷。
  9. strike vt. In the dream, a stone flew at the statue and struck it on the feet.(P50L20)
  【点拨】 strike(struck, struck)vt. 打,击,撞 (hit);侵袭,袭击 (attack);给 (某人以……)印象(impress);擦,划 (火柴)(rub)
  The victim had been struck with some kind of wooden stick.死者被某种木棍所击。
  They predict that a destructive earthquake will strike this area before the end of the century.
  他们预测本世纪末将有破坏性的地震袭击该地区。
  A child ran into the road and was struck by a car. 一个孩子跑到路上被一辆车给撞了。
  His jokes didnt strike Jack as being very funny.他的笑话并没有因为滑稽而让杰克发笑。
  The first thing that struck me was the fact that there were no other women present.我首先注意到的是当时并没有其他妇女在场。
  The man struck a match to light a cigarette. 那男的划了一根火柴来点燃香烟。
  【拓展】 strike n. & v. 罢工
  be on strike在罢工; go on strike举行罢工; strike for equal rights为平等权利而罢工
  vi. 钟表敲了多少下
  It strikes sb. that=It occurs to sb. that某人突然想到……
  The workers are coming out on strike for higher wages. 工人们将举行罢工要求增加工资。
  Twelve had just struck when she ran away. 当她离开时,12点的钟声正好敲响。
  【真题回放】
  (1) I heard the clock eight when I woke up this morning. (2014南通暑期检测)
  A. beatingB. striking
  C. hittingD. knocking
  答案:B。
  本题考查动词词义辨析。句意:当我早上醒来的时候8点的钟声正好敲响。beat反复击打,打败; strike钟敲几点; hit打,撞击; knock敲门,撞上。
  (2) It me the other day that I might not have paused to think of life meaning for years. (2015常州一模)
  A. appealed toB. referred to
  C. occurred toD. happened to
  答案:C。
  本题考查动词词组。句意:前几天,我突然想到我也许好多年可能没有停下来思考人生的意义了。appeal to吸引; refer to参考,涉及; occur to突然想起; happen to碰巧。
  二、短语或句型
  1. 课文原句:The flag, which could not be further simplified, is a red band over a white one, and is based on a national flag dating back to the 13th century that had nine red and white stripes. (P35 L39)这面国旗不可能再简单了,白色带上面是红色带,并且是以九条红白条状旗为基调改进的,这旗子可追溯到13世纪。
  【点拨】 date back to表示“追溯到……,始于……”。又如:
  Their friendship dates back to the time when they were children. 他们的友谊始于儿时。
  【拓展】 date back to=date from通常用一般现在时,只能用于主动语态。如:
  The old temple dates back to / from the Tang Dynasty. 这个旧庙建于唐朝。
  注意:date back to / date from 通常只用于一般现在时,作定语时,用其ing 形式。
  有关from的短语还有:differ from和……不同,arise from由……引起,result from 因为……,range from从……变化到……,suffer from 忍受……折磨。这些词组都不用被动语态,做定语或状语时,用ing形式。
  【真题回放】
  An ancient temple back to the Northern Qi Dynasty was destroyed in flames last month, concerns about the effective protection of cultural remains.(2015泰州一模)   A. dating; causingB. dating; caused
  C. dated; causingD. dated; caused
  答案:A。
  本题考查非谓语动词。句意:追溯到北齐朝代的古庙上个月被大火烧毁,引起了人们对文化遗址有效保护的担忧。date back to是做定语修饰the ancient temple,表示主动关系,用ing形式,cause concerns about 表示结果状语,也用ing形式。选A正确。
  2. 课文原句:In other words, its meaning can be very different from the apparent meaning of its components. (P50L3)换言之,它的含义与其组成单词的字面意思可能完全不同。
  【点拨】 in other words 换句话说,也就是说
  You arrived at 8 this morning, and in other words, you were thirty minutes late.你今天早上8点到的,换句话说,你迟到了半个小时。
  【拓展】 in a word 总之
  break ones word 食言
  keep ones word 守信
  pick ones words 斟字酌句
  word came that 有消息传来
  have a word with sb. 与某人谈话
  have words with sb. 与某人吵架
  be at a loss for words说不出话来
  word of mouth口口相传,口碑
  word for word逐字逐句地
  I give you my word (=I promise) that it wont happen again. 我向你保证这种事不会再发生。
  Gail kept her word and returned all the money. 盖尔履行了她的诺言,把钱如数归还。
  The newspaper printed his speech more or less word for word. 报纸几乎逐字逐句地刊登了他的讲话。
  Ill have a word with him and see if hell help.我跟他谈一下,看他是否愿意帮忙。
  Yesterday he had words with his classmate about a small thing. 昨天他为一件小事跟同学吵架了。
  Much of this information is picked up by word of mouth from previous students. 很多情况都是从以前的学生口中得知的。
  Their snowy mountaintops form a beautiful picture that will leave you at a loss for words.白雪皑皑的山顶构成了一幅美丽的图画,让你用语言无法表达它的美。
  3. 课文原句:After spending every penny of his money and being reduced to hiring himself out of feed pigs, he realized that he had been a fool and went home. 在花完每一分钱和把自己租出去喂猪之后,他意识到自己很傻,就回家了。
  【点拨】 after后接非谓语动词时,如与逻辑主语之间表示被动关系,则用being done,有类似用法的连词还有before, since, as。
  【拓展】 在when, if, unless, until, though, once后接非谓语动词时,如逻辑主语之间表示被动关系时,则用done。
  【真题回放】
  (1) Though behind and feeling awkward, Jack kept on running until he reached the finishing line. (2016南通一模)
  A. leavingB. having left
  C. leftD. being left
  答案:C。
  本题考查非谓语动词。句意:尽管被落在后面且感到尴尬,但杰克还是继续比赛直至跑完全程。Jack是主动感到尴尬,是被其他运动员抛在后面,所以用被动关系,though后接表示被动的非谓语,直接用过去分词,C正确,D错误。
  (2) This kind of seafood, unless treated immediately after from the sea, is likely to go bad. (2014南通三模)
  A. catchingB. caught
  C. to be caughtD. being caught
  答案:D。
  本题考查非谓语动词。句意:这种海鲜从海里捉来,除非立即处理,否则很可能变质。Seafood和treat,catch之间都是被动关系,但在unless后直接用过去分词,在after后用being done,因此,选D正确。
  catch on
  1) 受欢迎;流行起来;变得时髦   It is a nice song and I think it will catch on quickly. 这首歌很好,我想它会很快流行起来。
  Do you think this fashion will catch on? 你认为这种时尚会流行起来吗?
  2) 理解;了解;熟悉情况
  Hes not very quick at catching on, is he? 他不善于了解情况,是吗?
  Youll catch on to the job after youve been here a while. 你在这儿一段时间后会熟悉这工作的。
  4. 课文原句:The proverb ‘dont count your chickens until they are hatched’ means ‘dont count on something going well until it happens’.(P57) 谚语“蛋尚未孵出,勿先数鸡”意思为“别高兴得太早”。
  【点拨】 count on 依靠,依赖
  Dont worry. You can count on me to help you.别担心,你可以依靠我来帮你。
  We are all counting on winning this match. 我们都在指望能赢得比赛。
  【拓展】 count vt. 列入总数;包括;有重要性
  count against sb. 认为对某人不利
  count down 倒计时
  count... in 把……计算在内
  count... out把……排除在外
  The result itself is not important, but the effort to reach the goal counts. 结果本身并不重要,为达目标付出的努力才重要。
  We are counting down the days to the end of this tour. 我们已经在对结束旅行进行倒计时了。
  For this job, my lack of experience may count against me. 缺乏经验可能对我申请这份工作不利。
  I hear you are going shopping this weekend. Count me in!我听说你们这周末去逛街。带上我吧。
  Im sorry, youll have to count me out if you go camping this week.对不起,如果你们本周末去野营,不要把我算在里面。
  【真题回放】
  The whole team Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.(2015江苏卷)
  A. wait onB. focus on
  C. count onD. call on
  答案:C。
  本题考查动词词组。句意:全队都依赖C罗,他很少让大家失望的。wait on伺候,focus on专注于,count on依靠,call on号召,拜访。
  5.课文原句:The officials travelled westwards to Central Asia and arrived in what is today Afghanistan.(P62L12)官员们西行到中亚,达到了今天阿富汗的地方。
  【点拨】 arrived in后面接的是宾语从句,从句中缺少主语用what。
  【拓展】 在名词性从句中,从句缺少主语或宾语时,用what,不缺任何句子成份用that,且that不能省略,有不确定的含义用whether,从句中缺少状语时,用when, where, how, why等,且句子多含有疑问的含义。
  【真题回放】
  (1) —Whats the survey for?
  —To get an insight of the customers think of our new product. (2015徐州三模)
  A. howB. that
  C. whatD. why
  答案:C。
  本题考查名词性从句。句意:“调查是为了什么?”“深入了解顾客对我们新产品的评价。”从句是介词of的宾语从句,容易受汉语思维的影响,如何看待……,误选A,其实,我们通常说What do you think of this new book?你认为这本新书如何?think of可接双宾语,C正确。
  (2) Cooperative learning allows us to have more chances to acquire is beneficial to ourselves.(2014南通三模)
  A. whoB. which
  C. whatD. that
  答案:C。
  本题考查名词性从句。句意:合作学习让我们有更多的机会获得对我们有益的东西。acquire后接的是宾语从句,宾语从句缺少主语,所以选C。
  (3) Now all of our concentration is on it is that the global environment will return to normal. (2015南通二模)   A. whichB. what
  C. whereD. when
  答案:D。
  本题考查名词性从句和强调句式。句意:现在我们的注意力在于什么时候全球环境能恢复正常。介词on后接了一个宾语从句,该从句中又有一个强调句,这就增加了难度,根据句意,该强调结构应该强调的是时间,选D正确。
  (4) Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some wont accept it.(2015江苏卷)
  A. ThatB. Why
  C. WhereD. How
  答案:C。
  本题考查主语从句。句意:中国的伟大诗人,李白在哪儿出生大家都知道,但有些人不能接受。根据句意,人们对李白的出生地有争议,并不是李白有没有出生这个问题受争论,选where正确,where在从句中做地点状语。
  6. 课文原句:On both sides of the courtyard are a number of different halls for praying and chanting, receiving guests. (P63L34) 庭院两旁是一些厢房,用于祈祷,吟唱经文和接待香客的地方。
  In the southeast corner towers the Qiyun Pagoda, a 13storey building, which is the first known Buddhist pagoda in China.(P63L36)在东南角耸立着齐云塔。
  【点拨】 这两句为倒装句。句首状语是表示地点的介词短语或某些表示方向的副词(here, there, up, down, now, then, in, out, away, off)时,完全倒装。但主语如为人称代词时,则不能倒装。此时谓语动词应跟动词后的主语一致,勿受地点状语误导。如:
  On the ground lie two dogs. 地上躺着两只狗。
  Off flew the runners in the field at the sound of the gun. 一听到发令枪响,运动场上的运动员飞一般地跑出去。
  【拓展】 部分倒装是指(1)so, nor, neither置于句首,且表示“也或也不”之意时; (2)虚拟语气中if省略;(3)否定词作状语位于句首;(4) not until, not only置于句首;(5)only+状语位于句首;(6)在so... that, such... that等结构中,so, such部分位于句首。
  【真题回放】
  (1) —Next to the hostess . Who is he?
  —Tony, our monitor. Hell give a speech titled “Discover yourself”. (2015泰州模拟)
  A. a boy standsB. is standing a boy
  C. stands a boyD. does a boy stand
  答案:C。
  本题考查完全倒装。句意:“女主人旁边站着个男孩,他是谁?”“托尼,我们的班长,他将做题为‘发现自我’的演讲。”next to the hostess地点状语置于句首,完全倒装,C正确。
  (2) —Is everyone here?
  —Not yet... Look, there the rest of our guests.
  A. comeB. comes
  C. is comingD. are coming
  答案:A。
  本题考查完全倒装。句意:“大家都到了吗?”“还没,你看,剩下的客人来了。”
  there放在句首要倒装,且这里主语是the rest of our guests是名词复数,选A正确,且主语完全倒装不用进行时态。
  (作者:王祥国,江苏省平潮高级中学)
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