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功利主义伦理学从趋乐避苦的人类本性出发,以“最大多数人的最大幸福”为最高原则,试图将个人利益加总成共同利益,以实现公共利益最大化。长期以来,功利主义成为公共政策的指导原则,其后果导向、效用计算被应用到公共政策评价之中。应该看到的是,这种追求片面功利原则的公共政策存在各种弊端,影响社会公正,使公共政策价值失范。本文着眼于分析以功利主义为伦理导向的公共政策所存在的困境和新功利主义对古典功利主义的修复。
From the human nature of seeking happiness and avoiding hardships, utilitarian ethics attempts to maximize the public interest by summing up individual interests into common interests with the supreme principle of “the greatest happiness of the greatest majority”. For a long time, utilitarianism has become the guiding principle of public policy. Its consequence orientation and utility calculation are applied to public policy evaluation. What should be seen is that this public policy, which pursues the principle of one-sided utilitarianism, has various drawbacks that affect social justice and discredit the value of public policies. This article aims to analyze the predicament existing in the utilitarian-oriented public policy and the restoration of classical utilitarianism by neo-utilitarianism.