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目的:根据儿童获取知识的方式对知识进行分类,探讨合适的认知教育方式。方法:从认知心理学角度,根据儿童获得和掌握知识的特点,对知识进行归纳和比较。结果:提出了记忆、理解和体验三类知识划分的概念、获取方式和特征。①记忆类知识的掌握主要依赖于单纯的识记,较少涉及理解和经验,具有很强的继承性和传播性。②理解类知识的掌握主要依赖于逻辑,记忆处于相对次要的地位,也具有可继承性和可传播性。③体验类知识的掌握在很大程度上依赖于经验或体验,以及在体验基础上的感悟。记忆和逻辑思维仅处于相对次要的位置,具有非继承性和非传播性。结论:记忆、理解和体验三类知识的增长均与儿童年龄的增长相关。其中体验类知识不能通过传统的课堂教学和教材来获得,对这类知识的特性与学习掌握方式的探讨于儿童的健康成长和知识扩展尤为重要。
OBJECTIVE: To classify knowledge according to the way children acquire knowledge, and to explore suitable ways of cognitive education. Methods: From the perspective of cognitive psychology, according to the characteristics of children’s access to and mastery of knowledge, the knowledge is summarized and compared. Results: The concepts, methods and features of memory, comprehension and experience of three types of knowledge division are proposed. ① The mastery of memory class knowledge relies mainly on mere knowledge, less involved in understanding and experience, has a strong inheritance and dissemination. ② understand the mastery of class knowledge depends mainly on logic, memory in a relatively secondary position, but also has the inheritance and transmissibility. ③ experience class knowledge mastery depends largely on experience or experience, as well as insights based on experience. Memories and logical thinking are only relatively secondary positions, with non-inheritance and non-transmission. Conclusion: The growth of three kinds of knowledge of memory, comprehension and experience are all related to the growth of children’s age. The experience class knowledge can not be obtained through the traditional classroom teaching and teaching materials. It is particularly important to explore the characteristics and learning methods of such knowledge in children’s healthy growth and knowledge expansion.