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一、图式理论与高三英语阅读教学
根据图式阅读理论,读者的阅读能力由三种图式决定:语言图式、内容图式和形式图式。语言图式是指读者对构成阅读材料的语言的掌握程度。内容图式是指读者对文章所讨论的主题的熟悉程度。形式图式是指读者对文章的体裁的了解程度。在高三的教学活动中,教师在语言图式和内容图式方面给予了充分的重视,而我们发现学生和教师对发挥形式图式的作用没有给予一定的重视。具有丰富的形式图式的知识对提高阅读的速度和有效性都会有一定的指导意义。那么,教师该如何帮助学生拓宽形式图式网呢?
从形式图式角度讲,教师一方面要注意选取不同体裁的阅读材料,将不同体裁的文章的写作风格、结构一一介绍给学生。另一方面,教师要在阅读教学中重视阅读技巧和策略的点拨,让学生构建各个题型的图式,这样学生才能在遇到各种题型的时候做到心中有数,思路正确,快速定位。
二、高考答题技巧点拨 ——丰富学生的形式图式
高考中常见的题型是细节题,推断题,主旨题等。下面笔者结合2008和2009年上海高考阅读题谈一下阅读技巧,以此来丰富学生的形式图式。
1.细节题
细节题的提问方式灵活多变, 对象涉及短文的各种具体细节, 如时间、 地点、 原因、 结果、 方式等。 这类题目的一个共同特点是, 答案一般都能在文章中直接找到。
细节题干扰项特点:(1)与原句内容相反; (2)与原文内容一半相同一半不同; (3)与原句内容相似但过于绝对; (4)原文中根本没提到。
以2009年上海高考英语阅读A篇为例:
But while he was having lunch, George glanced at the photo in the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in. He was astonished—the smiling face was older than he re?鄄membered but unmistakable! Trembling, George started reading.
67. George got information about Richard from ______.
A. a dictionary collector in Australia
B. the latter’s rivals Dylans
C. a rare first edition of a dictionary
D. the wrapping paper of a book
答案为D。从文章的倒数第二段中的这一句George glanced at the photo...我们可以看出the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in 的意思就是D答案所指代的意思。
2.推断题
推断题要求考生根据自己从文中获取的信息进行推理判断。 它要求考生不但要掌握文章所表达的字面含义, 还要有一定的逻辑判断能力,从文章表面推出更深层的含义。
推断题干扰项特点:(1)在文章事实或上下文(句)逻辑基础上进行推理而得出观点, 但与题目无关;(2)推理过头, 概括过度。
以2008年上海高考英语阅读B篇为例:
Zoe Chambers was a successful PR (public Relations) consultant and life was going well—she had a great job, a beautiful and a busy social life in London. Then one evening in June last year, she received a text message telling her she was out of work. “The first two weeks were the most difficult to live through, ” she said...
53. When working as a PR consultant in London, Zoe thought she lived a ______ life.
A satisfying B. tough C. meaninglessD. boring
答案选A。 从第一句话Zoe Chambers...我们得知她过去一直以为自己作为咨询师的时候过的是一种“令人满意的,令人羡慕的”生活,所以选择A项。
3.主旨题
主旨题主要测试考生对整篇文章的理解能力。解答主旨题时, 最有效的办法是找到并仔细研读文章的主旨句。主旨句大多数情况下出现在比较重要的位置, 如文章的开头或结尾。
主旨题干扰项特点:(1)只是局部信息; (2)概括范围太宽; (3)无关信息。
以2009年上海高考英语阅读C篇为例:
“Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,” the lap?蒺top, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.
75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?
A. With no Retriever, thousands of laptops are stolen every year.
B. A new software provides a means to reduce laptop theft.
C. Retriever has helped to find thieves and lost com?鄄puters.
D. A new program offers a communication platform with the thief.
此题答案为B。文章的第一段很清楚地点明了文章的主题:That is a new solution to laptop computer theft.从上面的这句话中,我们不难看出这是有关解决手提电脑盗窃案的问题的一篇文章,即B选项。 A答案属于句子的理解性错误,而且是对局部信息的理解;C,D是干扰项,只是局部信息。
4.是非判断题
是非判断题可以是就一个或两个句子的理解提出来的,这种题比较简单,按秩序找到相关的句子,仔细读一下就不难确定答案。也可以就正片文章设计的题目, 这样的是非题难度比较大,因为要花较多的时间到全文中去找各个相关句。做的时候应从易到难,即从印象最深的,相关句最易找的,最易证实的选项开始查证。
以2008年上海高考英语阅读D篇为例:
…
Third, we urgently need to weather-proof the world’s crops as soon and as effectively as possible. For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond— which collects rainwater to be used in dry weather —can make the difference between a good harvest and a bad one. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Find to help poor regions climate proof vital economics activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.
78. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. A rain-collecting pond is a simple safeguard a-gainst dry weather.
B. A Climate Adaptation Fund has been established to help poor regions.
C. The world has made a serious promise to build farm ponds.
D. It makes a great difference whether we develop food products or not.
答案选A。这道是非题主要涉及文章的最后一段,所以主要看最后一段就可以了。答案A表达的意思符合与文章中For a poor farmer...的表达。答案B与文章最后一句话的意思正好相反。答案C和答案D的表达与文章也不相符合。
三、结束语
以上是从丰富学生形式图式角度介绍的针对高考英语题型的技巧,除此之外, 从语言图式方面来说,要帮助学生建立丰富的语言图式,丰富的语言图式能让学生在阅读到不懂的字、词、句时自动调用储存的词汇和语法等知识,填补文章字面信息的空白。从内容图式方面,教师要由易到难地选择体裁多样的阅读材料,如社会概况、史地常识、人物传记、文史风俗、文化教育、医药卫生、科普文章以及幽默故事等等,扩大学生的知识面,让学生建立起丰富的内容图式网。
(责编 黄 晓)
根据图式阅读理论,读者的阅读能力由三种图式决定:语言图式、内容图式和形式图式。语言图式是指读者对构成阅读材料的语言的掌握程度。内容图式是指读者对文章所讨论的主题的熟悉程度。形式图式是指读者对文章的体裁的了解程度。在高三的教学活动中,教师在语言图式和内容图式方面给予了充分的重视,而我们发现学生和教师对发挥形式图式的作用没有给予一定的重视。具有丰富的形式图式的知识对提高阅读的速度和有效性都会有一定的指导意义。那么,教师该如何帮助学生拓宽形式图式网呢?
从形式图式角度讲,教师一方面要注意选取不同体裁的阅读材料,将不同体裁的文章的写作风格、结构一一介绍给学生。另一方面,教师要在阅读教学中重视阅读技巧和策略的点拨,让学生构建各个题型的图式,这样学生才能在遇到各种题型的时候做到心中有数,思路正确,快速定位。
二、高考答题技巧点拨 ——丰富学生的形式图式
高考中常见的题型是细节题,推断题,主旨题等。下面笔者结合2008和2009年上海高考阅读题谈一下阅读技巧,以此来丰富学生的形式图式。
1.细节题
细节题的提问方式灵活多变, 对象涉及短文的各种具体细节, 如时间、 地点、 原因、 结果、 方式等。 这类题目的一个共同特点是, 答案一般都能在文章中直接找到。
细节题干扰项特点:(1)与原句内容相反; (2)与原文内容一半相同一半不同; (3)与原句内容相似但过于绝对; (4)原文中根本没提到。
以2009年上海高考英语阅读A篇为例:
But while he was having lunch, George glanced at the photo in the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in. He was astonished—the smiling face was older than he re?鄄membered but unmistakable! Trembling, George started reading.
67. George got information about Richard from ______.
A. a dictionary collector in Australia
B. the latter’s rivals Dylans
C. a rare first edition of a dictionary
D. the wrapping paper of a book
答案为D。从文章的倒数第二段中的这一句George glanced at the photo...我们可以看出the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in 的意思就是D答案所指代的意思。
2.推断题
推断题要求考生根据自己从文中获取的信息进行推理判断。 它要求考生不但要掌握文章所表达的字面含义, 还要有一定的逻辑判断能力,从文章表面推出更深层的含义。
推断题干扰项特点:(1)在文章事实或上下文(句)逻辑基础上进行推理而得出观点, 但与题目无关;(2)推理过头, 概括过度。
以2008年上海高考英语阅读B篇为例:
Zoe Chambers was a successful PR (public Relations) consultant and life was going well—she had a great job, a beautiful and a busy social life in London. Then one evening in June last year, she received a text message telling her she was out of work. “The first two weeks were the most difficult to live through, ” she said...
53. When working as a PR consultant in London, Zoe thought she lived a ______ life.
A satisfying B. tough C. meaninglessD. boring
答案选A。 从第一句话Zoe Chambers...我们得知她过去一直以为自己作为咨询师的时候过的是一种“令人满意的,令人羡慕的”生活,所以选择A项。
3.主旨题
主旨题主要测试考生对整篇文章的理解能力。解答主旨题时, 最有效的办法是找到并仔细研读文章的主旨句。主旨句大多数情况下出现在比较重要的位置, 如文章的开头或结尾。
主旨题干扰项特点:(1)只是局部信息; (2)概括范围太宽; (3)无关信息。
以2009年上海高考英语阅读C篇为例:
“Get your hands off me, I have been stolen,” the lap?蒺top, a portable computer, shouted. That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their property a voice when it has been taken.
75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?
A. With no Retriever, thousands of laptops are stolen every year.
B. A new software provides a means to reduce laptop theft.
C. Retriever has helped to find thieves and lost com?鄄puters.
D. A new program offers a communication platform with the thief.
此题答案为B。文章的第一段很清楚地点明了文章的主题:That is a new solution to laptop computer theft.从上面的这句话中,我们不难看出这是有关解决手提电脑盗窃案的问题的一篇文章,即B选项。 A答案属于句子的理解性错误,而且是对局部信息的理解;C,D是干扰项,只是局部信息。
4.是非判断题
是非判断题可以是就一个或两个句子的理解提出来的,这种题比较简单,按秩序找到相关的句子,仔细读一下就不难确定答案。也可以就正片文章设计的题目, 这样的是非题难度比较大,因为要花较多的时间到全文中去找各个相关句。做的时候应从易到难,即从印象最深的,相关句最易找的,最易证实的选项开始查证。
以2008年上海高考英语阅读D篇为例:
…
Third, we urgently need to weather-proof the world’s crops as soon and as effectively as possible. For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond— which collects rainwater to be used in dry weather —can make the difference between a good harvest and a bad one. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Find to help poor regions climate proof vital economics activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.
78. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. A rain-collecting pond is a simple safeguard a-gainst dry weather.
B. A Climate Adaptation Fund has been established to help poor regions.
C. The world has made a serious promise to build farm ponds.
D. It makes a great difference whether we develop food products or not.
答案选A。这道是非题主要涉及文章的最后一段,所以主要看最后一段就可以了。答案A表达的意思符合与文章中For a poor farmer...的表达。答案B与文章最后一句话的意思正好相反。答案C和答案D的表达与文章也不相符合。
三、结束语
以上是从丰富学生形式图式角度介绍的针对高考英语题型的技巧,除此之外, 从语言图式方面来说,要帮助学生建立丰富的语言图式,丰富的语言图式能让学生在阅读到不懂的字、词、句时自动调用储存的词汇和语法等知识,填补文章字面信息的空白。从内容图式方面,教师要由易到难地选择体裁多样的阅读材料,如社会概况、史地常识、人物传记、文史风俗、文化教育、医药卫生、科普文章以及幽默故事等等,扩大学生的知识面,让学生建立起丰富的内容图式网。
(责编 黄 晓)