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【摘 要】三大句型——“To be” “To do” “There be”,在英语学习写作中,都与英语的三大句型息息相关。然而在教学中发现很多学生对于如何写句子很迷茫,因此当务之急是要让学生学会三大句型,在此基础上写了这篇文章。本文包括以下几个方面:其一、概念的解释:何为三大句型,并分别详细阐述每种句型的特点及其运用规律;在运用时常见的错误现象等。其二、平日对于三大句型的训练;加大口语交际的力度;加大阅读量和勤于思考与总结。
【关键词】三大句型(To be,To do,There be);写作
笔者在二十多年的教学实践中发现一个问题:有无数的学生不会写句子。很多学生们不知道三大句型,不会用三大句型。其结果是作文一团糟,汉式英语随处可见,常常令人啼笑皆非,甚至是不知其所云。学好外语的前提条件是要让学生学会并了解三大句型。因此解决学生的三大句型也是写作的必备条件。
作文是用来记事的,运用各种语法知识,把相关的单词,短语有序地组合到一起来表达人们对待人或事物的思想情感和观点态度。而这些观点态度的表达以及个人情感的抒发,都要通过书写来阐述出来。而句子的最基本的原则是三大句型。只有掌握了三大句型,才可能写出那些脍炙人口的佳作来。什么是三大句型呢? 即 “To be” “To do” “There be”
一、To be 句型
(一)定义:To be句型是指人或事物的状态(如困倦、疲劳、喜怒哀乐等情绪状态)、特征(高矮、胖瘦等)、年龄身份、职业、位置等。指的是那些相对静止或持续的一种状态。其特点是谓语动词是系动词。如:
He is very healthy. /They look very young . / The kids are very naughty. /My partner is about sixteen years old . /Mr Brown is a professor in an international university .
(二)系动词的种类,系动词包括:
① be类系动词: is, am, are, was, were, been,
Catherine was of great intelligence when she was in college. /Are they very curious about what happens every day ?
② 情感类系动词: look, seem, taste, smell, appear, feel, sound …这些系动词尽管在句型转换时用do, did, does 等作助动词,但它们仍属于系动词。
My partner looks very honest and modest ./The music sounds very beautiful .
③ 转变型系动词: get, become, turn, grow, go, come, fall等。这些系动词的特点是它们均属于结束性动词,因此不能与for, since, how long 等直接连用。通常它们所表达的是从一种状态到另一种状态的变化,有渐变(get, become, grow …)也有前后变化悬殊的(如turn …)。有的变化是中性的(get, become, turn, …),也有的向不好的方向发展变化(go hungry, go mad, go crazy, go bad, go bald, …)因此在书写时要注意区分它们之间的细微差异。
④ 保持型系动词 (remain, keep, stay, ….)这些动词后也要接形容词,表示一种相对不变的状态。如:remain friendly and loyal, keep clean, stay calm ….
Adults can stay steady for quite a long time .
所以当我们书写这些句子时要格外注意它们的特性,尽管有些系动词外形上属于实意动词,但本质上仍是系动词。尤其是在句型转换时不要把它们混为一谈。
They didn’t feel very happy the day before yesterday .
(三)系动词的用法
在系动词后的句子成份称之为表语。通常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、数词、过去分词等来担任。
Our task is building (=to build) another two bridges this year. /Her new boss is an American . /All the vegetables and fruit are fresh enough . /The children are behind the commercial building. /The newly-built bus was broken the next week.
(四)To be句型常见错误
① 缺少谓语
My partner very handsome . (正确的应为:My partner is very handsome.)
He at home every day . (正确的应为:He is at home every day.)
② 主谓一致
He as well as I are on duty . (这里的are 应改为is)
Tom together with his parents go to the park every afternoon. (这里的go应改为goes) 二、To do句型
这里的To指的是所有的人称。do指的是所有的实义动词。
(一)概念:具有实际意义的动词。如:interrupt, interact, return, search, communicate, offer, afford, excite, embarrass, ….
(二)实义动词的种类
① 瞬间动词和持续动词
瞬间动词:stop, go, come, find, return, die, throw, borrow, buy, realize …
持续性动词:stand, live, last, continue, sit, wait, study, keep, remain …
② 使役动词和普通动词
使役动词:excite, interest, move, surprise, bore, please, puzzle, tire, embarrass, astonish, shock, amaze, dress, seat ….
普通动词: watch, find, use, sweep, visit, play, happen, rush ….
③ 静态动词和动态动词
静态动词:sit, live, lie, stand, wait, watch, think, imagine, compare …
动态动词:rush, run, walk, swim, throw, pull, push ….
④ 及物动词和不及物动词
及物动词:visit, give, take, do, throw, find, ….
不及物动词:communicate, rush, swim, walk, work ….
但有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词:walk, eat, do, communicate, learn, study,
(三)To do句型的用法
这些动词的特点是在句型转换时,要使用do, did, does, will, have, has …等来作为助动词。(特例除外,如have, has 当作“有”解时,英式和美式两种均可使用)
He found a satisfactory job in the capital . /Did he find a satisfactory job in the capital ?Yes, he did . /He didn’t find a satisfactory job in the capital . /Shall we go and have a drink after work is over ?/Have you found out the secrets ?/Do you have a dictionary now ? (= Have you a dictionary now ?)
(四)To do句型的常见错误
① 时态语态错误
They often go to the supermarket last year . (go 应改为went)
② 句型转换错误
Does he his homework every evening ? (应改为:Does he do his homework every evening ?
③ 附加问句错误
但句子里有:hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, few, little 等,这些词属于否定词。
He hardly goes outing alone, does he ?
④ 主谓不一致错误
She along with her mother and father go shopping every week. (应改为:She along with her mother and father goes shopping every week.)
⑤ 句子种类错误 (简单句,并列句,复合句)
Though he is very strong, but he can’t lift it over his head.
(应改为;Though he is very strong, he can’t lift it over his head. 或:He is very strong, but he can’t lift it over his head.)
⑥ 语气错误 (陈述语气,祈使语气,虚拟语气)
If I saw her yesterday, I would have told her about it . (应改为:If I had seen her yesterday, I would have told her about it.)
三、There be句型
(一)概念:意义是“某处有某人或某物”,There be 句型也叫“存在句”。期中的there叫作辅助成分,也叫傀儡成分,没有实际意义。其真正的主语是be后面的名词。
(二)There be句型的问句,否定句及附加问句。(主要原则是在无其它助动词的情况下将be的各种形式提到there前面,如果有诸如:will, have, has, can, may, must, should, ought to ….时,就要使用这些词作为助动词) There were some villagers working in the fields that day, weren’t they ?/Will there be a heavy rain next Monday ?/There should be some useful information on the computer.
(三)There be句型的特殊结构
There is no doubt that clause .毫无疑问…/There is (a little, some ) doubt whether clause . (令人疑惑的是…)/There is no use (need, hurry, harm …) doing (=to do )…做…没有用(没必要、不用急着、没害处…)/There is no doing sth . (不要做, 不可以做, 千万不要做,禁止做,不可以做….)/There is no point (in) doing sth 做……没有用。
There happened to be …. 碰巧有……/There seems / appears to be ….. 好像有…..
(四)There be句型的变型
● There sits (stands, exists, lies, lives ….)这个句式的动词要使用属于延续性动词(There sits a little doggie under the tree every day. )
● There go (run, rush, walk, climb, swim ….)( Here come (run, rush, walk, climb, swim…)/There goes the train. )
● There being sb/sth (独立主格结构,相当于一个时间或原因状语从句)( There being no bus that evening, we had to walk home alone . /=As there was no bus that evening, we had to walk home alone . )
(五)There be 句型的常见错误
● 主谓不一致 There are some clothing in the drawer at the moment . 应改为:There is some clothing in the drawer at the moment .
● 附加问句容易出错 There will be an important meeting soon, won’t it?应改为:There will be an important meeting soon, won’t there?/There are few people who can do the washing nowadays, aren’t there?应改为:There are few people who can do the washing nowadays, are there?
四、对于三大句型的应对措施(三个加大、一个勤)
(一)加大训练量,夯实基础,强化句型转化的训练量
He watched TV with his parents last Sunday. /Did he watch TV with his parents last Sunday?
(二)加大口语交际的力度。
口语交际时最能促进语言能力的形成,语言的强化使用和语言熟练程度提高的一个捷径。同时口语表达也是学生巩固和熟练三大句型的最佳办法之一。表达不清就要重新表达,这种反复反复的重复过程就是形成语言能力的最直接也是最有效的训练。对写作的提高大有益处。同学师生之间的不断交流,促进语言能力的提高。
(三)加大阅读量
通过阅读成品文,不但开拓视野,同时也丰富了语言知识、提高写作能力。
(四)勤于思考和总结
我们每当在写文章时,字斟句酌,反复推敲,取其精华而用之。只要用心钻研,逐渐谙熟文章写作,包括写文章的基本技能,连词成句,由句成文。洋洋洒洒,一挥而就。
三大句型的掌握对于英语的写作的影响是直接的,是写作的前提、是基础,深刻了解并理解三大句型对每一个英语学习者来说都是至关重要的。
参考文献:
[1]《Basic English Usage》 Oxford University Press Michael Swan
【关键词】三大句型(To be,To do,There be);写作
笔者在二十多年的教学实践中发现一个问题:有无数的学生不会写句子。很多学生们不知道三大句型,不会用三大句型。其结果是作文一团糟,汉式英语随处可见,常常令人啼笑皆非,甚至是不知其所云。学好外语的前提条件是要让学生学会并了解三大句型。因此解决学生的三大句型也是写作的必备条件。
作文是用来记事的,运用各种语法知识,把相关的单词,短语有序地组合到一起来表达人们对待人或事物的思想情感和观点态度。而这些观点态度的表达以及个人情感的抒发,都要通过书写来阐述出来。而句子的最基本的原则是三大句型。只有掌握了三大句型,才可能写出那些脍炙人口的佳作来。什么是三大句型呢? 即 “To be” “To do” “There be”
一、To be 句型
(一)定义:To be句型是指人或事物的状态(如困倦、疲劳、喜怒哀乐等情绪状态)、特征(高矮、胖瘦等)、年龄身份、职业、位置等。指的是那些相对静止或持续的一种状态。其特点是谓语动词是系动词。如:
He is very healthy. /They look very young . / The kids are very naughty. /My partner is about sixteen years old . /Mr Brown is a professor in an international university .
(二)系动词的种类,系动词包括:
① be类系动词: is, am, are, was, were, been,
Catherine was of great intelligence when she was in college. /Are they very curious about what happens every day ?
② 情感类系动词: look, seem, taste, smell, appear, feel, sound …这些系动词尽管在句型转换时用do, did, does 等作助动词,但它们仍属于系动词。
My partner looks very honest and modest ./The music sounds very beautiful .
③ 转变型系动词: get, become, turn, grow, go, come, fall等。这些系动词的特点是它们均属于结束性动词,因此不能与for, since, how long 等直接连用。通常它们所表达的是从一种状态到另一种状态的变化,有渐变(get, become, grow …)也有前后变化悬殊的(如turn …)。有的变化是中性的(get, become, turn, …),也有的向不好的方向发展变化(go hungry, go mad, go crazy, go bad, go bald, …)因此在书写时要注意区分它们之间的细微差异。
④ 保持型系动词 (remain, keep, stay, ….)这些动词后也要接形容词,表示一种相对不变的状态。如:remain friendly and loyal, keep clean, stay calm ….
Adults can stay steady for quite a long time .
所以当我们书写这些句子时要格外注意它们的特性,尽管有些系动词外形上属于实意动词,但本质上仍是系动词。尤其是在句型转换时不要把它们混为一谈。
They didn’t feel very happy the day before yesterday .
(三)系动词的用法
在系动词后的句子成份称之为表语。通常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、数词、过去分词等来担任。
Our task is building (=to build) another two bridges this year. /Her new boss is an American . /All the vegetables and fruit are fresh enough . /The children are behind the commercial building. /The newly-built bus was broken the next week.
(四)To be句型常见错误
① 缺少谓语
My partner very handsome . (正确的应为:My partner is very handsome.)
He at home every day . (正确的应为:He is at home every day.)
② 主谓一致
He as well as I are on duty . (这里的are 应改为is)
Tom together with his parents go to the park every afternoon. (这里的go应改为goes) 二、To do句型
这里的To指的是所有的人称。do指的是所有的实义动词。
(一)概念:具有实际意义的动词。如:interrupt, interact, return, search, communicate, offer, afford, excite, embarrass, ….
(二)实义动词的种类
① 瞬间动词和持续动词
瞬间动词:stop, go, come, find, return, die, throw, borrow, buy, realize …
持续性动词:stand, live, last, continue, sit, wait, study, keep, remain …
② 使役动词和普通动词
使役动词:excite, interest, move, surprise, bore, please, puzzle, tire, embarrass, astonish, shock, amaze, dress, seat ….
普通动词: watch, find, use, sweep, visit, play, happen, rush ….
③ 静态动词和动态动词
静态动词:sit, live, lie, stand, wait, watch, think, imagine, compare …
动态动词:rush, run, walk, swim, throw, pull, push ….
④ 及物动词和不及物动词
及物动词:visit, give, take, do, throw, find, ….
不及物动词:communicate, rush, swim, walk, work ….
但有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词:walk, eat, do, communicate, learn, study,
(三)To do句型的用法
这些动词的特点是在句型转换时,要使用do, did, does, will, have, has …等来作为助动词。(特例除外,如have, has 当作“有”解时,英式和美式两种均可使用)
He found a satisfactory job in the capital . /Did he find a satisfactory job in the capital ?Yes, he did . /He didn’t find a satisfactory job in the capital . /Shall we go and have a drink after work is over ?/Have you found out the secrets ?/Do you have a dictionary now ? (= Have you a dictionary now ?)
(四)To do句型的常见错误
① 时态语态错误
They often go to the supermarket last year . (go 应改为went)
② 句型转换错误
Does he his homework every evening ? (应改为:Does he do his homework every evening ?
③ 附加问句错误
但句子里有:hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, few, little 等,这些词属于否定词。
He hardly goes outing alone, does he ?
④ 主谓不一致错误
She along with her mother and father go shopping every week. (应改为:She along with her mother and father goes shopping every week.)
⑤ 句子种类错误 (简单句,并列句,复合句)
Though he is very strong, but he can’t lift it over his head.
(应改为;Though he is very strong, he can’t lift it over his head. 或:He is very strong, but he can’t lift it over his head.)
⑥ 语气错误 (陈述语气,祈使语气,虚拟语气)
If I saw her yesterday, I would have told her about it . (应改为:If I had seen her yesterday, I would have told her about it.)
三、There be句型
(一)概念:意义是“某处有某人或某物”,There be 句型也叫“存在句”。期中的there叫作辅助成分,也叫傀儡成分,没有实际意义。其真正的主语是be后面的名词。
(二)There be句型的问句,否定句及附加问句。(主要原则是在无其它助动词的情况下将be的各种形式提到there前面,如果有诸如:will, have, has, can, may, must, should, ought to ….时,就要使用这些词作为助动词) There were some villagers working in the fields that day, weren’t they ?/Will there be a heavy rain next Monday ?/There should be some useful information on the computer.
(三)There be句型的特殊结构
There is no doubt that clause .毫无疑问…/There is (a little, some ) doubt whether clause . (令人疑惑的是…)/There is no use (need, hurry, harm …) doing (=to do )…做…没有用(没必要、不用急着、没害处…)/There is no doing sth . (不要做, 不可以做, 千万不要做,禁止做,不可以做….)/There is no point (in) doing sth 做……没有用。
There happened to be …. 碰巧有……/There seems / appears to be ….. 好像有…..
(四)There be句型的变型
● There sits (stands, exists, lies, lives ….)这个句式的动词要使用属于延续性动词(There sits a little doggie under the tree every day. )
● There go (run, rush, walk, climb, swim ….)( Here come (run, rush, walk, climb, swim…)/There goes the train. )
● There being sb/sth (独立主格结构,相当于一个时间或原因状语从句)( There being no bus that evening, we had to walk home alone . /=As there was no bus that evening, we had to walk home alone . )
(五)There be 句型的常见错误
● 主谓不一致 There are some clothing in the drawer at the moment . 应改为:There is some clothing in the drawer at the moment .
● 附加问句容易出错 There will be an important meeting soon, won’t it?应改为:There will be an important meeting soon, won’t there?/There are few people who can do the washing nowadays, aren’t there?应改为:There are few people who can do the washing nowadays, are there?
四、对于三大句型的应对措施(三个加大、一个勤)
(一)加大训练量,夯实基础,强化句型转化的训练量
He watched TV with his parents last Sunday. /Did he watch TV with his parents last Sunday?
(二)加大口语交际的力度。
口语交际时最能促进语言能力的形成,语言的强化使用和语言熟练程度提高的一个捷径。同时口语表达也是学生巩固和熟练三大句型的最佳办法之一。表达不清就要重新表达,这种反复反复的重复过程就是形成语言能力的最直接也是最有效的训练。对写作的提高大有益处。同学师生之间的不断交流,促进语言能力的提高。
(三)加大阅读量
通过阅读成品文,不但开拓视野,同时也丰富了语言知识、提高写作能力。
(四)勤于思考和总结
我们每当在写文章时,字斟句酌,反复推敲,取其精华而用之。只要用心钻研,逐渐谙熟文章写作,包括写文章的基本技能,连词成句,由句成文。洋洋洒洒,一挥而就。
三大句型的掌握对于英语的写作的影响是直接的,是写作的前提、是基础,深刻了解并理解三大句型对每一个英语学习者来说都是至关重要的。
参考文献:
[1]《Basic English Usage》 Oxford University Press Michael Swan