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●阶段特征在经济领域,工业革命正在进行,资本主义进入蒸汽时代。这场革命极大地促进了社会生产力的发展,从物质上巩固了新兴的资本主义制度,引起社会结构和东西方关系的巨大变化,对世界历史进程产生了重大影响。在政治领域,出现了三股进步的历史潮流。第一,资产阶级革命和改革广泛兴起,资本主义制度在欧、美、亚三洲确立。第二,民族解放运动风起云涌。有两种类型,一种是具有资产阶级属性的民族独立运动,如1848年东南欧民族解放运动;另一种属旧式民族运动,以19世纪中期的亚洲革命风暴为典型。此外德、意统一也具有排除外族统治,实现民族振兴的性质。第三,工人运动和社会主义运动兴起。这一时期工人运动水平的提高,主要表现在两个方面:一是斗争矛头指向资本主义制度,二是无产阶级走向世界范围的联合。1871年的巴黎公社革命,是19世纪以来国际工人运动的总结,它具有政
● Stage Characteristics In the economic field, the industrial revolution is ongoing and capitalism has entered the steam era. This revolution has greatly promoted the development of the social productive forces, materially consolidated the emerging capitalist system, caused great changes in the social structure and relations between the East and West, and had a major impact on the history of the world. In the political field, there have been three historical trends in progress. First, the bourgeois revolution and reform have emerged widely and the capitalist system has been established in Europe, the United States, and Asia. Second, the national liberation movement is surging. There are two types, one is a national independent movement with the attributes of the bourgeoisie, such as the national liberation movement of southeastern Europe in 1848, and the other is an old-style national movement, typical of the Asian revolutionary storm in the middle of the 19th century. In addition, the unity of Germany and Italy also has the character of eliminating the rule of foreign ethnic groups and realizing the national rejuvenation. Third, the workers’ movement and the socialist movement have risen. The improvement of the level of the workers’ movement during this period was mainly manifested in two aspects: First, the struggle was directed against the capitalist system, and secondly, the proletariat reached a world-wide coalition. The Paris Commune revolution in 1871 was a summary of the international workers’ movement since the 19th century.