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摘要:英语写作是衡量学生英语综合水平的重要指标,然而写作一直是英语教学中的薄弱环节。本文从高中英语写作教学现状出发,探讨如何合理运用课本资源,引导学生通过训练词块,挖掘话题,依托文本,操练句式来积累语言,采用翻译,连词成文以及“CARIC”法(缩写、改写、评写、仿写和续写)进行写作指导和写作练习,逐步提高学生的英语写作水平。
关键词:写作;课本资源;词块;句式;CARIC法
中图分类号:G632.0 文献标識码:A 文章编号:1992-7711(2016)12-0069
一、问题的提出
书面表达在高考中占有相当大的比重,而许多学生在此方面丢分甚多,以致影响最后的总分,笔者就目前高中英语写作教学的现状进行分析研究。究其原因,主要有以下两个方面:
1. 学生层面
就目前而言,学生对作文普遍存在着恐惧心理,学生对写作听而生畏,越害怕,越不会写,越不会写,越怕写,形成了一种恶性循环。绝大多数学生没有养成阅读、思考、练笔的习惯,没有多少的积累,提不起写作的热情,激不起创作的灵感,写出的作文中往往是句式乱用,辞不达意。写作成了学生英语学习中最痛苦的折磨。
2. 教师层面
教师没有设计能激发学生写作兴趣的写作资源,所谓的写作训练往往是在写之前,主要指导学生审题,或使学生进入写作的情景,或有构思的激发乃至训练,主要解决“写什么”的问题,对“怎么写”只有原则性的引导或要求;在写之后,教师对学生的作文进行讲评,主要解决“写得怎么样”的问题,对学生是怎么写的则很少顾及。训练方法单一,机械重复操练高考书面表达材料,很少整合课本资源,只重结果不重过程,而且批改与反馈也还欠及时。整个高中英语写作教学的延续性和系统性方面都有欠缺。
二、概念界定
《教育大词典》(顾明远主编)对教材的界定为:教材是教师和学生据此进行教学活动的材料,是课堂教学的主要媒体。教材有完整的知识和技能体系、先进的教育理念、合理的内容结构和弹性的教学要求,对于教学效果的优劣成败起着关键性的作用。
本文的研究将立足于课本教材,从实践的角度探讨英语课本资源的开发以及在高中英语写作教学中的实践。
三、解决策略
1. 厚积薄发,学以致用
(1)训练词块,挖掘话题
NSEFC教材给学生提供了丰富的词汇和英语表达法,是学生获得新知识、学习积累词汇的有效途径。在上词汇课时,我们就可以结合情境,利用课本词汇进行造句,翻译的练习,及时巩固词汇的用法并加强学生的遣词造句能力,使学生在获得输入之后有效地转换输出。这样日积月累, 就可以消除学生写作中词汇贫乏, 语言空洞无物,词汇搭配漏洞百出等问题。
例如:在学习Module 3 Unit 2, Healthy eating词汇和语言点时,教师结合学生自身的学习和香港知名主持人沈殿霞女儿Joyce Cheng的亲身减肥经历,运用课本词汇,进行翻译,结合具体情境,增加学生的写作兴趣和成就感。下面列举的是翻译的部分句子。
Translation1: 由于她的身形,她总是被别人嘲笑,他们的话让她发疯。 (drive)
Because of her huge figure, she was always laughed at by others. Their words drove her mad.
Translation2: 我不会允许他们嘲笑我了。(won’t have…doing)
I won’t have them laughing at me.
Translation3: 下定决心减肥之后,她去向医生咨询。(lose weight, consult)
After she made up her mind to lose weight, she went to consult a doctor.
Translation4: 众所周知,没有比健康更重要的事情了。(否定词 比较级的用法)
最后,要求学生结合翻译写一篇关于Joyce Cheng成功减肥的故事,在合理运用课本词汇的基础上,结合所学的强调句、定语从句、非谓语结构等,下面是学生的优秀习作:
Singer Joyce Cheng struggled with obesity throughout her childhood and early teens. Because of her huge figure, she was always laughed at by others,whose words drove her mad. She always sat alone feeling very frustrated, with her tears rolling down. “I won’t have them laughing at me.” She thought. Having made up her mind to lose weight, she went to consult a doctor. “As is known to all, nothing is more important than health. So you ought to attach importance to keeping a balanced diet. Above all, you must cut down on sweets and fat for the reason that they may make us put on weight easily. Besides, taking proper exercise is necessary, from which you can benefit a lot. In a word, only by combining healthy diet with proper exercise can you keep fit.” The doctor advised. Joyce followed his advice and made every effort to lose weight. Her balanced diet along with proper exercise became such a success that before long Joyce became slimmer. She must have suffered a lot. It was her effort and perseverance that won back other’s respect and admiration. (2)依托文本,操练句式
教材中的文本为我们提供了不同话题的信息,教师可以灵活借助教材中的文本信息来训练特殊句式。让学生在语境中磨词、造句,在有意义的文本信息中感知和探究语言的使用规则,丰富写作的素材,提高英语语言的运用能力。
例如:Module 6 Unit 2, A few Simple Forms of English Poetry 一文主要介绍了几种诗歌形式。文本中句式单一,以短句和简单句为主,缺少句式的起伏和变化,语言显得平淡无奇。在介绍童谣时,文本中是这样写的: Nursery rhymes are a common type of children’s poetry. The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite.笔者引导学生用不同的句型如定语从句、倒装句等重组文本信息,鼓励学生用长句、复杂句组织自己的语言。
通过大量阅读,学生能掌握更多地道的表达方式,提高自身语感,从而在今后的写作中能更准确地选词造句,写出结构工整的文章。有了素材在心,学生在写作过程中就不会感觉无话可写,写作的质量也就能得到改進。
2. 巧用教材,活用“CARIC”法
(1)C (Condensation 缩写)
缩写是在保留原文体裁、题材、主要内容、结构顺序等的前提下概要原文内容、压缩篇幅使之成为一篇内容简明、语言简练、中心突出的短文。教师在平时的教学过程中,要有意识地培养学生这方面的能力,针对课文某一具体内容,提出一些概括性的问题,让学生把这些问题的答案通过整理加工后连成故事的梗概。这种训练一方面使学生有话可写,另一方面又不抄原文,要对原来的材料有所取舍,重新组织并进行创造性地加工。一般来说,课本中的记叙文比较适合学生做缩写练习,课本中有不少故事性比较强的长篇的文章,故事情节,可以让学生根据课文,简单地把其故事情节概括出来。
(2)A(Adaption 改写)
改写原则是在保持原文主体内容不变的基础上,改变文章的体裁、人称、语言、结构等方面。首先,要保持原文基本内容不变,在此基础上可进行细节添加或删减。对原文进行改写时要注意语言的灵活多变性,短文与对话进行改写时要注意语言时态、时间表达等方面的改变。作为一种被广泛采用的语言教学策略,教材中可改写的地方很多,或整体或局部,这些都需要教师潜心研究,细心挖掘。通过对课文的改写,加强了他们的语言组织能力,也对文章内容有更深的理解。
例如:Module 2 Unit 2, The Olympic Games, Reading部分作者通过一个虚拟的采访向读者介绍了古代奥运会与现代奥运会的异同。采访的形式新颖,让学生对于不同体裁的文章有更深认识,学完文章之后,要求学生对奥林匹克运动以说明文的形式进行简单介绍。下面是一位学生的例文:
The Olympic Games are the biggest sports meeting in the world, which include two kinds, the Summer and the Winter Olympics. Both of them are held every four years. All countries can take part if their athletes reached the standard to the games. Women are not only allowed to join in but playing a very important role. A special village is built for the competitors to live in, a stadium for competitions, a large swimming pool, a gymnasium as well as seats for those who watch the games. It’s a great honor to host the Olympic Games. The Olive wreath has been replaced by medals. But it’s still about being able to run faster, jump higher and throw further.
把采访的形式改编成简短的介绍,使学生对不同体裁的文章都能灵活运用。
(3)R (Review 评写)
评写是就所学课文或阅读材料进行总结性评述。通过分析原文中的内容和观点,提出自己的看法。评论可以是全面的,也可以着眼于一点;可以是赞同原文的观点,也可以提出异议。
例如:Module 5 Unit 3, Life in the Future, Reading中以一份来自3008年的信描绘未来世界的美好蓝图。在学完了这一课后,设计了一个写作任务,让学生围绕“advantages and disadvantages of life in 3008”这一话题写成一篇正反观点类的议论文。有一位学生这样写道:
After we have learned the text “First Impression”, students hold different opinions on life in 3008. Some think life in 3008 is really very wonderful. In 3008, people all ride carriages floating above the ground. So they don’t have traffic problem. Besides, there is less pollution then, because the walls of the houses are made of trees. Daily life is very convenient, too. Just press buttons and everything will be ready for you.
关键词:写作;课本资源;词块;句式;CARIC法
中图分类号:G632.0 文献标識码:A 文章编号:1992-7711(2016)12-0069
一、问题的提出
书面表达在高考中占有相当大的比重,而许多学生在此方面丢分甚多,以致影响最后的总分,笔者就目前高中英语写作教学的现状进行分析研究。究其原因,主要有以下两个方面:
1. 学生层面
就目前而言,学生对作文普遍存在着恐惧心理,学生对写作听而生畏,越害怕,越不会写,越不会写,越怕写,形成了一种恶性循环。绝大多数学生没有养成阅读、思考、练笔的习惯,没有多少的积累,提不起写作的热情,激不起创作的灵感,写出的作文中往往是句式乱用,辞不达意。写作成了学生英语学习中最痛苦的折磨。
2. 教师层面
教师没有设计能激发学生写作兴趣的写作资源,所谓的写作训练往往是在写之前,主要指导学生审题,或使学生进入写作的情景,或有构思的激发乃至训练,主要解决“写什么”的问题,对“怎么写”只有原则性的引导或要求;在写之后,教师对学生的作文进行讲评,主要解决“写得怎么样”的问题,对学生是怎么写的则很少顾及。训练方法单一,机械重复操练高考书面表达材料,很少整合课本资源,只重结果不重过程,而且批改与反馈也还欠及时。整个高中英语写作教学的延续性和系统性方面都有欠缺。
二、概念界定
《教育大词典》(顾明远主编)对教材的界定为:教材是教师和学生据此进行教学活动的材料,是课堂教学的主要媒体。教材有完整的知识和技能体系、先进的教育理念、合理的内容结构和弹性的教学要求,对于教学效果的优劣成败起着关键性的作用。
本文的研究将立足于课本教材,从实践的角度探讨英语课本资源的开发以及在高中英语写作教学中的实践。
三、解决策略
1. 厚积薄发,学以致用
(1)训练词块,挖掘话题
NSEFC教材给学生提供了丰富的词汇和英语表达法,是学生获得新知识、学习积累词汇的有效途径。在上词汇课时,我们就可以结合情境,利用课本词汇进行造句,翻译的练习,及时巩固词汇的用法并加强学生的遣词造句能力,使学生在获得输入之后有效地转换输出。这样日积月累, 就可以消除学生写作中词汇贫乏, 语言空洞无物,词汇搭配漏洞百出等问题。
例如:在学习Module 3 Unit 2, Healthy eating词汇和语言点时,教师结合学生自身的学习和香港知名主持人沈殿霞女儿Joyce Cheng的亲身减肥经历,运用课本词汇,进行翻译,结合具体情境,增加学生的写作兴趣和成就感。下面列举的是翻译的部分句子。
Translation1: 由于她的身形,她总是被别人嘲笑,他们的话让她发疯。 (drive)
Because of her huge figure, she was always laughed at by others. Their words drove her mad.
Translation2: 我不会允许他们嘲笑我了。(won’t have…doing)
I won’t have them laughing at me.
Translation3: 下定决心减肥之后,她去向医生咨询。(lose weight, consult)
After she made up her mind to lose weight, she went to consult a doctor.
Translation4: 众所周知,没有比健康更重要的事情了。(否定词 比较级的用法)
最后,要求学生结合翻译写一篇关于Joyce Cheng成功减肥的故事,在合理运用课本词汇的基础上,结合所学的强调句、定语从句、非谓语结构等,下面是学生的优秀习作:
Singer Joyce Cheng struggled with obesity throughout her childhood and early teens. Because of her huge figure, she was always laughed at by others,whose words drove her mad. She always sat alone feeling very frustrated, with her tears rolling down. “I won’t have them laughing at me.” She thought. Having made up her mind to lose weight, she went to consult a doctor. “As is known to all, nothing is more important than health. So you ought to attach importance to keeping a balanced diet. Above all, you must cut down on sweets and fat for the reason that they may make us put on weight easily. Besides, taking proper exercise is necessary, from which you can benefit a lot. In a word, only by combining healthy diet with proper exercise can you keep fit.” The doctor advised. Joyce followed his advice and made every effort to lose weight. Her balanced diet along with proper exercise became such a success that before long Joyce became slimmer. She must have suffered a lot. It was her effort and perseverance that won back other’s respect and admiration. (2)依托文本,操练句式
教材中的文本为我们提供了不同话题的信息,教师可以灵活借助教材中的文本信息来训练特殊句式。让学生在语境中磨词、造句,在有意义的文本信息中感知和探究语言的使用规则,丰富写作的素材,提高英语语言的运用能力。
例如:Module 6 Unit 2, A few Simple Forms of English Poetry 一文主要介绍了几种诗歌形式。文本中句式单一,以短句和简单句为主,缺少句式的起伏和变化,语言显得平淡无奇。在介绍童谣时,文本中是这样写的: Nursery rhymes are a common type of children’s poetry. The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite.笔者引导学生用不同的句型如定语从句、倒装句等重组文本信息,鼓励学生用长句、复杂句组织自己的语言。
通过大量阅读,学生能掌握更多地道的表达方式,提高自身语感,从而在今后的写作中能更准确地选词造句,写出结构工整的文章。有了素材在心,学生在写作过程中就不会感觉无话可写,写作的质量也就能得到改進。
2. 巧用教材,活用“CARIC”法
(1)C (Condensation 缩写)
缩写是在保留原文体裁、题材、主要内容、结构顺序等的前提下概要原文内容、压缩篇幅使之成为一篇内容简明、语言简练、中心突出的短文。教师在平时的教学过程中,要有意识地培养学生这方面的能力,针对课文某一具体内容,提出一些概括性的问题,让学生把这些问题的答案通过整理加工后连成故事的梗概。这种训练一方面使学生有话可写,另一方面又不抄原文,要对原来的材料有所取舍,重新组织并进行创造性地加工。一般来说,课本中的记叙文比较适合学生做缩写练习,课本中有不少故事性比较强的长篇的文章,故事情节,可以让学生根据课文,简单地把其故事情节概括出来。
(2)A(Adaption 改写)
改写原则是在保持原文主体内容不变的基础上,改变文章的体裁、人称、语言、结构等方面。首先,要保持原文基本内容不变,在此基础上可进行细节添加或删减。对原文进行改写时要注意语言的灵活多变性,短文与对话进行改写时要注意语言时态、时间表达等方面的改变。作为一种被广泛采用的语言教学策略,教材中可改写的地方很多,或整体或局部,这些都需要教师潜心研究,细心挖掘。通过对课文的改写,加强了他们的语言组织能力,也对文章内容有更深的理解。
例如:Module 2 Unit 2, The Olympic Games, Reading部分作者通过一个虚拟的采访向读者介绍了古代奥运会与现代奥运会的异同。采访的形式新颖,让学生对于不同体裁的文章有更深认识,学完文章之后,要求学生对奥林匹克运动以说明文的形式进行简单介绍。下面是一位学生的例文:
The Olympic Games are the biggest sports meeting in the world, which include two kinds, the Summer and the Winter Olympics. Both of them are held every four years. All countries can take part if their athletes reached the standard to the games. Women are not only allowed to join in but playing a very important role. A special village is built for the competitors to live in, a stadium for competitions, a large swimming pool, a gymnasium as well as seats for those who watch the games. It’s a great honor to host the Olympic Games. The Olive wreath has been replaced by medals. But it’s still about being able to run faster, jump higher and throw further.
把采访的形式改编成简短的介绍,使学生对不同体裁的文章都能灵活运用。
(3)R (Review 评写)
评写是就所学课文或阅读材料进行总结性评述。通过分析原文中的内容和观点,提出自己的看法。评论可以是全面的,也可以着眼于一点;可以是赞同原文的观点,也可以提出异议。
例如:Module 5 Unit 3, Life in the Future, Reading中以一份来自3008年的信描绘未来世界的美好蓝图。在学完了这一课后,设计了一个写作任务,让学生围绕“advantages and disadvantages of life in 3008”这一话题写成一篇正反观点类的议论文。有一位学生这样写道:
After we have learned the text “First Impression”, students hold different opinions on life in 3008. Some think life in 3008 is really very wonderful. In 3008, people all ride carriages floating above the ground. So they don’t have traffic problem. Besides, there is less pollution then, because the walls of the houses are made of trees. Daily life is very convenient, too. Just press buttons and everything will be ready for you.