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尽管过程充满波折,人类对太空的探索从未失去希望。40年前,阿波罗11号的成功发射让人类首次踏足一个全新的未知世界。在即将迎来阿波罗11号飞船载人登月40周年之际,太空探索再次成为人们的讨论热点,而关于“阿波罗载人登月纯属骗局”的阴谋论更是甚嚣尘上。本期“探索区”将带大家重返阿波罗11号的发射现场,重温整个任务过程,并简单介绍“登月阴谋论”的一些观点。
“Four, three, two, one and lift-off.”
The flight of Apollo 11 was the culmination[巅峰] of many years of planning, working, building and testing. Thousands of people had contributed toward this day of accomplishment.
The great Saturn Ⅴ rocket and the complex Apollo
spacecraft had been assembled[装配] together and moved to the launch pad[发射台]. The equipment and techniques and personnel had been proved in earlier missions, and now they were ready. The astronauts chosen for this mission had flown it many times in ground-based simulators[模拟器]. They had all been in space before, they had trained carefully and well, and now they too were ready.
Astronaut Michael Collins would pilot the Apollo command module[(航天器上各个独立的)舱]; astronaut Edwin Aldrin Jr. would pilot the lunar module, and astronaut Neil Armstrong would serve as mission commander. Armstrong would be the first man to step upon the moon. Other astronauts had made this journey to the launch pad, but never with such anticipation.
9:32 AM, July 16th.
Three hours later, the Apollo command module moves forward to extract[拔出] the lunar module from the third stage of the launch vehicle. Both are moving at more than 17,000 miles an hour. Docked[使(两艘太空船)空间对接] together, they will sail a quarter million miles across the sea of space and into orbit around the earth’s nearest neighbour.
July 19th. Apollo 11 slows down and goes into orbit around the moon. The bright blue planet of earth now lies 238,000 miles beyond the lunar horizon. Astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin, now in the lunar module, separate from the command module.
Astronaut Collins remains behind. The Eagle注1 is poised[作……姿势] and prepared for its descent[降落] to the lunar surface.
Aldrin: Twenty feet, down two and a half…kicking up some dust…four forward…four forward, drifting to the right a little…contact light…okay, engine stopped.
Mission Control: We copy[接收(无线电)信号] you down, Eagle.
Armstrong: Tranquility Base注2 here. The Eagle has landed.
Mission Control: Roger[(尤用于无线电通讯)知道了], Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We’re breathing again. Thanks a lot.
Armstrong opens the Eagle hatch[舱口] and begins his climb down to the surface.
Armstrong: I’m gonna step off the LM注3 now. That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
Despite the bulky[体积大的] spacesuits and the backpacks containing oxygen, temperature control and communications equipment, the Apollo 11 crew found they could move easily about the surface. Through a specially made television camera, viewers in many
nations on earth were able to watch the astronauts as they walked and worked on the moon.
After two hours and 31 minutes, the first lunar explorers had completed their research on the moon. A night of rest in the lunar module, countdown
preparations, and they were ready to come home.
July 21st. The Eagle and its two man crew lifted off the moon perfectly, and climbed slowly to rendezvous[会合点] and dock with the mother ship, Columbia.
While Armstrong and Aldrin explored the moon,
Astronaut Collins had kept a long and lonely vigil[守夜] in the Columbia. The approaching Eagle was a welcome sight.
Dawn in the Pacific. Apollo blazes[燃烧] across the heavens, coming back to earth at 25,000 miles an hour.
President Richard Nixon, who had talked with the astronauts by telephone while they were on the moon, was waiting aboard the recovery carrier to welcome the returning voyagers.
The President later expressed the nation’s response to this historic mission.
Nixon: Someway, when those two Americans stepped on the moon, the people of this world were brought closer
together.
To protect against any possible lunar contamination[污染], the astronauts put on airtight[密封的] special garments[外衣] before coming aboard the rescue ship.
They transferred directly from the helicopter to a mobile quarantine[检疫,隔离] van, in which they would be flown back to the Manned Spacecraft Centre in Houston, Texas.
July 27th. The journey was ended. They were home again. Ahead lay three weeks of isolation, medical tests and mission debriefings[任务报告], then visits to major cities of America and abroad.
The details of their unique mission would be relived and remembered, so that others might learn what they had learned, and that future travellers in space might build upon their experience.
Wherever man journeys tomorrow across the ocean of our universe, history will remind him that Apollo 11 was mankind’s first encounter[遇到] with a new world.
“四,三,二,一,升空。”
阿波罗11号登月飞行是经过多年计划、工作、建造和测试的顶峰。数千人曾为这一天的成就做出贡献。巨大的土星5号运载火箭和复杂的阿波罗太空船已经组装完毕并移至发射台。设备、技术以及人员的素质均已在早前的任务中得到证明,现在都准备好了。入选这次任务的宇航员已经在地面模拟舱内进行过多次飞行。他们以前都上过太空,接受过严格而良好的训练,现在他们也准备就绪。
宇航员迈克尔·柯林斯驾驶阿波罗号指令舱,小埃德温·奥尔德林驾驶登月舱,而尼尔·阿姆斯特朗则担任指令长。届时,阿姆斯特朗将成为第一个踏上月球的人。其他宇航员也曾经踏上通往发射台的道路,但从未如此备受关注。
(1969年)7月16日,上午9时32分。
三个小时后,阿波罗指令舱向前推进,从第三级运载火箭中分离出登月舱。两者都以超过17000英里(27359千米)的时速飞行。它们完成对接,在浩瀚的太空飞行25万英里(402336千米),然后进入地球最近邻居的轨道。
7月19日,阿波罗11号减速,进入绕行月球的轨道。地球这颗亮蓝色的星球此刻正在距离月球地平线238000英里(383024千米)之外的地方。在登月舱内的宇航员——阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林与指令舱分离。
宇航员柯林斯则留守后方。鹰号登月舱已经就位,准备在月球表面降落。
奥尔德林:(距离表面)20英尺(约6米),向下2.5……搅起了一点尘土……向前4英尺(约1米)……向前4英尺,向右边飘移了一点……联系灯……好,引擎熄火。
指挥中心:我们收到信号了,鹰号。
阿姆斯特朗:这里是静海基地,鹰号已经着陆。
指挥中心:收到,静海。我们在地面上收到你的信号了。你刚才把一群人吓得脸都紫了,现在我们终于能回过神来了,非常感谢。
阿姆斯特朗打开鹰号的舱门,开始向下爬到月球表面。
阿姆斯特朗:我现在要从登月舱走下来了。这是个人的一小步,却是人类的一大步。
尽管穿着庞大的太空服,背着装有氧气、温度调节和通讯设备的背包,阿波罗11号的宇航员发现他们能够在月球表面轻松移动。通过一台特制的电视摄像机,地球上许多国家的观众能够看到这些宇航员在月球上行走和工作的情形。
经过2小时31分钟,第一批月球探险者完成了对月球的研究。他们在登月舱休息了一个晚上,进行倒数准备,马上就要回家了。
7月21日,鹰号载着两名宇航员从月球表面顺利升空,然后慢慢爬升至会合点,与母船哥伦比亚号对接。
阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林勘探月球的时候,宇航员柯林斯在哥伦比亚号上度过了漫长而孤独的一夜。能看着鹰号逐渐靠近真是太让人高兴了。
太平洋上的黎明。阿波罗号的火光划破长空,以25000英里(40233千米)的时速回归地球。
宇航员们在月球上时,美国总统理查得·尼克松与他们通过电话。现在,总统正在回收舰上欢迎宇航员们归来。
随后,总统表达了美国对这次历史性任务的回应。
尼克松:当这两位美国人踏上月球之时,这个世界的人们以某种方式被拉得更近了。
为了防止可能发生的月球污染,在登上救援船之前,宇航员们先穿上了特制的密封服。
他们被直接从直升机转移到一辆移动隔离车内,飞机其后将隔离车运回位于德克萨斯州休斯敦的载人太空船中心。
7月27日,旅程结束。宇航员们重新回到了家园。他们要接受三个星期的隔离、医学测试和任务汇报,然后到国内外各大城市进行访问。
这次独特任务的细节将会被人们不断地重温和铭记,好让其他人可以学习到他们所学到的东西,让将来的太空探险者能够吸取他们的经验。
无论未来人类将穿越浩瀚的宇宙去往何方,历史都将让我们铭记,是阿波罗11号让人类首次遇见了一个新世界。
注1:“鹰号”是阿波罗11号登月舱的呼号。
注2:静海是月球上的一处月海,位于宁静盆地之内。
注3:LM指阿波罗登月舱(Apollo Lunar Module),是阿波罗宇宙飞船直接登月的部分。
相关链接
阿波罗计划——20世纪最大骗局?
阿波罗11号飞船的升空实现了人类首次登月。然而,一直有科学家和科普爱好者对美国登月资料提出质疑,认为人类从未登陆月球,那些照片和影像是在地球上拍摄的“登月骗局”。2001年,美国福克斯电视台甚至制作了一个一小时的特别节目《阴谋论:我们登上月球了吗?》(Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?)那么,人类究竟有没有登陆过月球?一起看看双方争论的焦点。
疑点1:国旗无风却飘扬 月球上没有空气,不可能有风,但资料中宇航员在月球插下的美国国旗却迎风
飘扬。
支持者反驳:国旗旗杆有两个,竖的一个,横的一个,呈“7”形,便于展开旗帜。当宇航员插旗时,由于月球地质较硬,要用力扭动才能把旗插上,这个扭动动作加上旗杆本身弹性引起的震动,造成国旗的摆动。在真空环境中,没有空气的缓冲,国旗反而可以摆动多时而不停。
疑点2:登月照片中看不到星星 月球没有大气层,因而也就没有空气折射的问题,应该能清晰看到月空中群星闪耀的图景,可是登月照片上却看不到一颗星星。
支持者反驳:由于没有大气层,月球上的太阳光很强烈。为了成功拍摄照片,不会过度曝光,摄影机的快门速度必须很快,曝光时间短,因而收集不了宇宙远处的星光。
疑点3:太空行走跳跃和地球一样 月球上重力是地球的六分之一,宇航员应该轻易地比地球上跳得高六倍,远六倍。
支持者反驳:理论上来说是没有错,但宇航员穿的宇航服又重又复杂,大约有100公斤重,在月球上相当于穿着16公斤重的衣服行走,而且宇航服是根据失重状态设计的,十分笨重,不可能像理论上那样轻松。
疑点4:登月舱没在月面撞击出坑洞 如果阿波罗登月舱飞船真的停落在月球表面,巨大的冲击力应该使登月舱落地时撞击出一个大坑洞,而登月照片中的登月舱好像是被轻轻地放在地面上。
支持者反驳:登月舱在着陆过程中会启动底部的发动机,在接近月球表面时就开始减速,快着陆时发动机甚至停转,所以降落时不会产生太大冲击力。如果冲击力过大,登月舱和宇航员也受不了。此外,登月舱和月球表面的接触面积较大,所以不会形成大坑。
以上几点仅是人们争论的一小部分。听过正反双方的意见后,你对阿波罗登月计划的真实性是否产生怀疑?有兴趣的同学不妨上网或到图书馆查查资料,认真思考,再和朋友论证一下吧。
“Four, three, two, one and lift-off.”
The flight of Apollo 11 was the culmination[巅峰] of many years of planning, working, building and testing. Thousands of people had contributed toward this day of accomplishment.
The great Saturn Ⅴ rocket and the complex Apollo
spacecraft had been assembled[装配] together and moved to the launch pad[发射台]. The equipment and techniques and personnel had been proved in earlier missions, and now they were ready. The astronauts chosen for this mission had flown it many times in ground-based simulators[模拟器]. They had all been in space before, they had trained carefully and well, and now they too were ready.
Astronaut Michael Collins would pilot the Apollo command module[(航天器上各个独立的)舱]; astronaut Edwin Aldrin Jr. would pilot the lunar module, and astronaut Neil Armstrong would serve as mission commander. Armstrong would be the first man to step upon the moon. Other astronauts had made this journey to the launch pad, but never with such anticipation.
9:32 AM, July 16th.
Three hours later, the Apollo command module moves forward to extract[拔出] the lunar module from the third stage of the launch vehicle. Both are moving at more than 17,000 miles an hour. Docked[使(两艘太空船)空间对接] together, they will sail a quarter million miles across the sea of space and into orbit around the earth’s nearest neighbour.
July 19th. Apollo 11 slows down and goes into orbit around the moon. The bright blue planet of earth now lies 238,000 miles beyond the lunar horizon. Astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin, now in the lunar module, separate from the command module.
Astronaut Collins remains behind. The Eagle注1 is poised[作……姿势] and prepared for its descent[降落] to the lunar surface.
Aldrin: Twenty feet, down two and a half…kicking up some dust…four forward…four forward, drifting to the right a little…contact light…okay, engine stopped.
Mission Control: We copy[接收(无线电)信号] you down, Eagle.
Armstrong: Tranquility Base注2 here. The Eagle has landed.
Mission Control: Roger[(尤用于无线电通讯)知道了], Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We’re breathing again. Thanks a lot.
Armstrong opens the Eagle hatch[舱口] and begins his climb down to the surface.
Armstrong: I’m gonna step off the LM注3 now. That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
Despite the bulky[体积大的] spacesuits and the backpacks containing oxygen, temperature control and communications equipment, the Apollo 11 crew found they could move easily about the surface. Through a specially made television camera, viewers in many
nations on earth were able to watch the astronauts as they walked and worked on the moon.
After two hours and 31 minutes, the first lunar explorers had completed their research on the moon. A night of rest in the lunar module, countdown
preparations, and they were ready to come home.
July 21st. The Eagle and its two man crew lifted off the moon perfectly, and climbed slowly to rendezvous[会合点] and dock with the mother ship, Columbia.
While Armstrong and Aldrin explored the moon,
Astronaut Collins had kept a long and lonely vigil[守夜] in the Columbia. The approaching Eagle was a welcome sight.
Dawn in the Pacific. Apollo blazes[燃烧] across the heavens, coming back to earth at 25,000 miles an hour.
President Richard Nixon, who had talked with the astronauts by telephone while they were on the moon, was waiting aboard the recovery carrier to welcome the returning voyagers.
The President later expressed the nation’s response to this historic mission.
Nixon: Someway, when those two Americans stepped on the moon, the people of this world were brought closer
together.
To protect against any possible lunar contamination[污染], the astronauts put on airtight[密封的] special garments[外衣] before coming aboard the rescue ship.
They transferred directly from the helicopter to a mobile quarantine[检疫,隔离] van, in which they would be flown back to the Manned Spacecraft Centre in Houston, Texas.
July 27th. The journey was ended. They were home again. Ahead lay three weeks of isolation, medical tests and mission debriefings[任务报告], then visits to major cities of America and abroad.
The details of their unique mission would be relived and remembered, so that others might learn what they had learned, and that future travellers in space might build upon their experience.
Wherever man journeys tomorrow across the ocean of our universe, history will remind him that Apollo 11 was mankind’s first encounter[遇到] with a new world.
“四,三,二,一,升空。”
阿波罗11号登月飞行是经过多年计划、工作、建造和测试的顶峰。数千人曾为这一天的成就做出贡献。巨大的土星5号运载火箭和复杂的阿波罗太空船已经组装完毕并移至发射台。设备、技术以及人员的素质均已在早前的任务中得到证明,现在都准备好了。入选这次任务的宇航员已经在地面模拟舱内进行过多次飞行。他们以前都上过太空,接受过严格而良好的训练,现在他们也准备就绪。
宇航员迈克尔·柯林斯驾驶阿波罗号指令舱,小埃德温·奥尔德林驾驶登月舱,而尼尔·阿姆斯特朗则担任指令长。届时,阿姆斯特朗将成为第一个踏上月球的人。其他宇航员也曾经踏上通往发射台的道路,但从未如此备受关注。
(1969年)7月16日,上午9时32分。
三个小时后,阿波罗指令舱向前推进,从第三级运载火箭中分离出登月舱。两者都以超过17000英里(27359千米)的时速飞行。它们完成对接,在浩瀚的太空飞行25万英里(402336千米),然后进入地球最近邻居的轨道。
7月19日,阿波罗11号减速,进入绕行月球的轨道。地球这颗亮蓝色的星球此刻正在距离月球地平线238000英里(383024千米)之外的地方。在登月舱内的宇航员——阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林与指令舱分离。
宇航员柯林斯则留守后方。鹰号登月舱已经就位,准备在月球表面降落。
奥尔德林:(距离表面)20英尺(约6米),向下2.5……搅起了一点尘土……向前4英尺(约1米)……向前4英尺,向右边飘移了一点……联系灯……好,引擎熄火。
指挥中心:我们收到信号了,鹰号。
阿姆斯特朗:这里是静海基地,鹰号已经着陆。
指挥中心:收到,静海。我们在地面上收到你的信号了。你刚才把一群人吓得脸都紫了,现在我们终于能回过神来了,非常感谢。
阿姆斯特朗打开鹰号的舱门,开始向下爬到月球表面。
阿姆斯特朗:我现在要从登月舱走下来了。这是个人的一小步,却是人类的一大步。
尽管穿着庞大的太空服,背着装有氧气、温度调节和通讯设备的背包,阿波罗11号的宇航员发现他们能够在月球表面轻松移动。通过一台特制的电视摄像机,地球上许多国家的观众能够看到这些宇航员在月球上行走和工作的情形。
经过2小时31分钟,第一批月球探险者完成了对月球的研究。他们在登月舱休息了一个晚上,进行倒数准备,马上就要回家了。
7月21日,鹰号载着两名宇航员从月球表面顺利升空,然后慢慢爬升至会合点,与母船哥伦比亚号对接。
阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林勘探月球的时候,宇航员柯林斯在哥伦比亚号上度过了漫长而孤独的一夜。能看着鹰号逐渐靠近真是太让人高兴了。
太平洋上的黎明。阿波罗号的火光划破长空,以25000英里(40233千米)的时速回归地球。
宇航员们在月球上时,美国总统理查得·尼克松与他们通过电话。现在,总统正在回收舰上欢迎宇航员们归来。
随后,总统表达了美国对这次历史性任务的回应。
尼克松:当这两位美国人踏上月球之时,这个世界的人们以某种方式被拉得更近了。
为了防止可能发生的月球污染,在登上救援船之前,宇航员们先穿上了特制的密封服。
他们被直接从直升机转移到一辆移动隔离车内,飞机其后将隔离车运回位于德克萨斯州休斯敦的载人太空船中心。
7月27日,旅程结束。宇航员们重新回到了家园。他们要接受三个星期的隔离、医学测试和任务汇报,然后到国内外各大城市进行访问。
这次独特任务的细节将会被人们不断地重温和铭记,好让其他人可以学习到他们所学到的东西,让将来的太空探险者能够吸取他们的经验。
无论未来人类将穿越浩瀚的宇宙去往何方,历史都将让我们铭记,是阿波罗11号让人类首次遇见了一个新世界。
注1:“鹰号”是阿波罗11号登月舱的呼号。
注2:静海是月球上的一处月海,位于宁静盆地之内。
注3:LM指阿波罗登月舱(Apollo Lunar Module),是阿波罗宇宙飞船直接登月的部分。
相关链接
阿波罗计划——20世纪最大骗局?
阿波罗11号飞船的升空实现了人类首次登月。然而,一直有科学家和科普爱好者对美国登月资料提出质疑,认为人类从未登陆月球,那些照片和影像是在地球上拍摄的“登月骗局”。2001年,美国福克斯电视台甚至制作了一个一小时的特别节目《阴谋论:我们登上月球了吗?》(Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?)那么,人类究竟有没有登陆过月球?一起看看双方争论的焦点。
疑点1:国旗无风却飘扬 月球上没有空气,不可能有风,但资料中宇航员在月球插下的美国国旗却迎风
飘扬。
支持者反驳:国旗旗杆有两个,竖的一个,横的一个,呈“7”形,便于展开旗帜。当宇航员插旗时,由于月球地质较硬,要用力扭动才能把旗插上,这个扭动动作加上旗杆本身弹性引起的震动,造成国旗的摆动。在真空环境中,没有空气的缓冲,国旗反而可以摆动多时而不停。
疑点2:登月照片中看不到星星 月球没有大气层,因而也就没有空气折射的问题,应该能清晰看到月空中群星闪耀的图景,可是登月照片上却看不到一颗星星。
支持者反驳:由于没有大气层,月球上的太阳光很强烈。为了成功拍摄照片,不会过度曝光,摄影机的快门速度必须很快,曝光时间短,因而收集不了宇宙远处的星光。
疑点3:太空行走跳跃和地球一样 月球上重力是地球的六分之一,宇航员应该轻易地比地球上跳得高六倍,远六倍。
支持者反驳:理论上来说是没有错,但宇航员穿的宇航服又重又复杂,大约有100公斤重,在月球上相当于穿着16公斤重的衣服行走,而且宇航服是根据失重状态设计的,十分笨重,不可能像理论上那样轻松。
疑点4:登月舱没在月面撞击出坑洞 如果阿波罗登月舱飞船真的停落在月球表面,巨大的冲击力应该使登月舱落地时撞击出一个大坑洞,而登月照片中的登月舱好像是被轻轻地放在地面上。
支持者反驳:登月舱在着陆过程中会启动底部的发动机,在接近月球表面时就开始减速,快着陆时发动机甚至停转,所以降落时不会产生太大冲击力。如果冲击力过大,登月舱和宇航员也受不了。此外,登月舱和月球表面的接触面积较大,所以不会形成大坑。
以上几点仅是人们争论的一小部分。听过正反双方的意见后,你对阿波罗登月计划的真实性是否产生怀疑?有兴趣的同学不妨上网或到图书馆查查资料,认真思考,再和朋友论证一下吧。