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【摘要】書面表达是中学生学习英语应掌握的一项基本技能,也是各地中考的必考题型,在中考中占有非常重要的一部分。本文针对目前的教学情况和书面表达中学生存在的问题,进行了分析,并对初三阶段怎样有效地进行书面表达训练提出了几点建议。
【关键词】书面表达;初三英语;模考
【作者简介】宋巧玲(1981-),西安市经开第一中学,中学一级教师,陕西师范大学教育硕士,英语专业八级,从事中学英语教学13年,现任西安市经开第一中学初三英语教师。
书面表达是对学生的语言组织能力、行文表达能力、基础知识、语法、词汇等综合驾驭能力的考察。它要求学生有扎实的语言基本功,具备一定的审题能力、想象能力、表达能力和评价能力等。培养初步写作的能力是初中英语教学的目的之一,写作的重要性在中考试卷中也显而易见。中考英语总分是120分,而作文满分为15分,占整个卷面分数的12%。然而,在现实的英语教学过程中却发现学生的英语写作状况不容乐观。
我们先来看看新课程标准中关于英语写作的要求。
九年级(五级要求):
能根据写作要求,收集、准备素材;
能独立起草短文、短信等,并在教师的指导下进行修改;
能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系(即文章中用于表示并列,转折,举例,因果,递进,让步,总结等逻辑关系的固定单词或词组);
能简单描述人物或事件;
能根据所给的图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。
对于即将面临中考的初三学生来说,了解中考英语书面表达的评分标准,做到有的放矢也非常重要。中考英语书面表达评分标准如下:
一档,13-15分,语言要求:包含了所有要点,能围绕内容要点适当发挥,内容具体、丰富;应用了较丰富的语言结构和词汇,用词准确,句子通顺,行文连贯,表达清楚;没有或几乎没有语言错误,具备较强的语言运用能力,达到了预期的写作目的。
二档,10-12分,语言要求:基本包含了所有要点,并有一定发挥,内容比较丰富;应用的语言结构和词汇能满足任务要求,句子较通顺,表达较清楚;有少量语言错误,基本达到了预期的写作目的。
三档,7-9分,语言要求:包含了多数要点,并有所发挥,内容不够丰富、具体,字数较少;句子不够通顺,语言表达过于简单,行文不够连贯;有部分语言错误。
四档,4-6分,语言要求:只包含了少数要点,内容较少;句子无条理,语言不规范,行文不连贯;语言错误较多。
五档,0-3分,语言要求:只包含一个要点或所写内容与要求几乎无关,内容杂乱,不知所云;语言很不通顺,用词很不准确;错误过多,几乎难以读懂。
下面,我们以陕西省西安市经开第一中学初三中考第二次模考英语试题书面表达为例,来分析同学们书面表达中存在的问题。
2018届初三英语模拟测试二书面表达: (满分15分)
改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大变化,令人振奋。请参考一下提示,写一篇80词左右的小短文,描述家乡发生的变化,开头和结尾不计入总词数。
在阅卷的过程中,学生书面表达反馈出五个方面的问题:第一,学生写作之前没有判断整篇文章主要用哪种时态,将所学的各种时态混淆;第二,常见单词拼写错误;第三,句子之间和文段之间缺乏必要的过渡和连贯,影响了信息的传递和表达效果;第四,受汉语的影响,对英语句子结构掌握不好,导致按汉语的语序来翻译句子;第五,文章逻辑不清,层次感不强。
以四位同学的书面表达为例:
例1 5分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. In the past, we just writed latters to the far people, we just listen to the radio but we were so happy. We only walked to school.
But now, we live in big and light house we can call to the far people and we can sent e-mail to them. We can play computer games, watch TV, or see the films, and we are happy too. We can go to school by bus, take subway, by car or by taxi. This are very useful for us.
例2 7分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. I remember that our big families used to live a dirty and small house, but now we are living a big and comfortable house. “ We are often writing a letter to the friends.” My father said, but now looking your table. You have phone and Internet, they are convenient and useful for us. Twenty years ago, people always listen the radio for fun, now we can watch TV, play computer...My mother used to go to school on foot, it took her half an hour. Now she is going to work by car, it only takes her five minutes. 例3 11分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. When I was five years old, my parents and grandparents stayed at a small house with me. But now we live in a big apartment and we didn’t stay with my grandparents any longer. I also remember the first letter that I wrote. It was normal to write the letter to communicate with others. But now, smart phones and computers instead of it.
We used to listen to the radio in spare time. But now I’m used to watching TV. In the past, I had to walk to school everyday. But now I prefer to take the subway. Because it’s cheaper and faster.
例4 13分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. In the past, all of the family members had to live in a small house, it was crowded and uncomfortable. But now we had bright and wide apartments. We could only use letters to communicate with others at that time. Nowadays, we can not only use the mobile phone, but also use the Internet. It is really great. Compare with the time spent on radios, we can watch TV, play the computer games, go to the concert and watch movies now. Lives become more interesting. In the past, we went to school by bike or on foot, now we can drive ourselves, by subway, by bus or by taxi.
In a word, people live better than before. I’m so excited to see these changes.
分析这四位同学的书面表达会发现,其实这几个同学语言都基本包含了题目多要求的要点,语言也基本流畅。那么,是什么造成了他们分数的差异呢?首先,5分作文中开头这句就有很明显的时态语法错误,把write的过去式误写为writed, 而且还用far people 这种中式英语表达,反映出该生英语基础薄弱,翻译生硬。同样,7分文章中第一句句式也有问题,不够准确,live a dirty and small house, 没有分清Live是不及物动词,应该是live in a ... house。而11分文章中用错了“instead”,导致文章出现了较为明显的语法错误。13分的文章要点齐全,结构完整,语言流畅,书写优美,用词準确,尽管没有用到复合句或倒装句,但是简单句式用得准确到位。
总之,对于初三学生来说,时间非常有限。如何在这有限的时间里提高英语写作的能力和成绩呢?我的建议是英语语用的积累,即词汇和语法。它是写作的初级阶段,也是最重要的阶段。通过中考一轮的复习,可以达到这一部分的要求和需要。加强基本句型的翻译、转换和复合句的专项训练。根据课文的关键词缩写和仿写课文。在写作教学中训练用英语思维的能力,克服母语迁移,在写作教学中融合范文阅读和课文的背记。
“教无定法,教学有法”,只要教师和学生潜心钻研,持之以恒,必能提高书面表达的水平,最终在中考时取得理想的成绩。
参考文献:
[1]田东.初中生英语书面表达常存在的错误及训练对策[J].教研视窗,2008(11).
[2]张永丹.初中英语书面表达[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2011.
[3]徐欣.纠正作文错误——以学生为中心[J].国外外语教学,2003 (2).
【关键词】书面表达;初三英语;模考
【作者简介】宋巧玲(1981-),西安市经开第一中学,中学一级教师,陕西师范大学教育硕士,英语专业八级,从事中学英语教学13年,现任西安市经开第一中学初三英语教师。
书面表达是对学生的语言组织能力、行文表达能力、基础知识、语法、词汇等综合驾驭能力的考察。它要求学生有扎实的语言基本功,具备一定的审题能力、想象能力、表达能力和评价能力等。培养初步写作的能力是初中英语教学的目的之一,写作的重要性在中考试卷中也显而易见。中考英语总分是120分,而作文满分为15分,占整个卷面分数的12%。然而,在现实的英语教学过程中却发现学生的英语写作状况不容乐观。
我们先来看看新课程标准中关于英语写作的要求。
九年级(五级要求):
能根据写作要求,收集、准备素材;
能独立起草短文、短信等,并在教师的指导下进行修改;
能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系(即文章中用于表示并列,转折,举例,因果,递进,让步,总结等逻辑关系的固定单词或词组);
能简单描述人物或事件;
能根据所给的图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。
对于即将面临中考的初三学生来说,了解中考英语书面表达的评分标准,做到有的放矢也非常重要。中考英语书面表达评分标准如下:
一档,13-15分,语言要求:包含了所有要点,能围绕内容要点适当发挥,内容具体、丰富;应用了较丰富的语言结构和词汇,用词准确,句子通顺,行文连贯,表达清楚;没有或几乎没有语言错误,具备较强的语言运用能力,达到了预期的写作目的。
二档,10-12分,语言要求:基本包含了所有要点,并有一定发挥,内容比较丰富;应用的语言结构和词汇能满足任务要求,句子较通顺,表达较清楚;有少量语言错误,基本达到了预期的写作目的。
三档,7-9分,语言要求:包含了多数要点,并有所发挥,内容不够丰富、具体,字数较少;句子不够通顺,语言表达过于简单,行文不够连贯;有部分语言错误。
四档,4-6分,语言要求:只包含了少数要点,内容较少;句子无条理,语言不规范,行文不连贯;语言错误较多。
五档,0-3分,语言要求:只包含一个要点或所写内容与要求几乎无关,内容杂乱,不知所云;语言很不通顺,用词很不准确;错误过多,几乎难以读懂。
下面,我们以陕西省西安市经开第一中学初三中考第二次模考英语试题书面表达为例,来分析同学们书面表达中存在的问题。
2018届初三英语模拟测试二书面表达: (满分15分)
改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大变化,令人振奋。请参考一下提示,写一篇80词左右的小短文,描述家乡发生的变化,开头和结尾不计入总词数。
在阅卷的过程中,学生书面表达反馈出五个方面的问题:第一,学生写作之前没有判断整篇文章主要用哪种时态,将所学的各种时态混淆;第二,常见单词拼写错误;第三,句子之间和文段之间缺乏必要的过渡和连贯,影响了信息的传递和表达效果;第四,受汉语的影响,对英语句子结构掌握不好,导致按汉语的语序来翻译句子;第五,文章逻辑不清,层次感不强。
以四位同学的书面表达为例:
例1 5分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. In the past, we just writed latters to the far people, we just listen to the radio but we were so happy. We only walked to school.
But now, we live in big and light house we can call to the far people and we can sent e-mail to them. We can play computer games, watch TV, or see the films, and we are happy too. We can go to school by bus, take subway, by car or by taxi. This are very useful for us.
例2 7分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. I remember that our big families used to live a dirty and small house, but now we are living a big and comfortable house. “ We are often writing a letter to the friends.” My father said, but now looking your table. You have phone and Internet, they are convenient and useful for us. Twenty years ago, people always listen the radio for fun, now we can watch TV, play computer...My mother used to go to school on foot, it took her half an hour. Now she is going to work by car, it only takes her five minutes. 例3 11分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. When I was five years old, my parents and grandparents stayed at a small house with me. But now we live in a big apartment and we didn’t stay with my grandparents any longer. I also remember the first letter that I wrote. It was normal to write the letter to communicate with others. But now, smart phones and computers instead of it.
We used to listen to the radio in spare time. But now I’m used to watching TV. In the past, I had to walk to school everyday. But now I prefer to take the subway. Because it’s cheaper and faster.
例4 13分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. In the past, all of the family members had to live in a small house, it was crowded and uncomfortable. But now we had bright and wide apartments. We could only use letters to communicate with others at that time. Nowadays, we can not only use the mobile phone, but also use the Internet. It is really great. Compare with the time spent on radios, we can watch TV, play the computer games, go to the concert and watch movies now. Lives become more interesting. In the past, we went to school by bike or on foot, now we can drive ourselves, by subway, by bus or by taxi.
In a word, people live better than before. I’m so excited to see these changes.
分析这四位同学的书面表达会发现,其实这几个同学语言都基本包含了题目多要求的要点,语言也基本流畅。那么,是什么造成了他们分数的差异呢?首先,5分作文中开头这句就有很明显的时态语法错误,把write的过去式误写为writed, 而且还用far people 这种中式英语表达,反映出该生英语基础薄弱,翻译生硬。同样,7分文章中第一句句式也有问题,不够准确,live a dirty and small house, 没有分清Live是不及物动词,应该是live in a ... house。而11分文章中用错了“instead”,导致文章出现了较为明显的语法错误。13分的文章要点齐全,结构完整,语言流畅,书写优美,用词準确,尽管没有用到复合句或倒装句,但是简单句式用得准确到位。
总之,对于初三学生来说,时间非常有限。如何在这有限的时间里提高英语写作的能力和成绩呢?我的建议是英语语用的积累,即词汇和语法。它是写作的初级阶段,也是最重要的阶段。通过中考一轮的复习,可以达到这一部分的要求和需要。加强基本句型的翻译、转换和复合句的专项训练。根据课文的关键词缩写和仿写课文。在写作教学中训练用英语思维的能力,克服母语迁移,在写作教学中融合范文阅读和课文的背记。
“教无定法,教学有法”,只要教师和学生潜心钻研,持之以恒,必能提高书面表达的水平,最终在中考时取得理想的成绩。
参考文献:
[1]田东.初中生英语书面表达常存在的错误及训练对策[J].教研视窗,2008(11).
[2]张永丹.初中英语书面表达[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2011.
[3]徐欣.纠正作文错误——以学生为中心[J].国外外语教学,2003 (2).