论文部分内容阅读
英语阅读理解着重测试同学们的阅读速度、理解能力和记忆能力。高考文章的内容广泛，题材多样，以题目的难易程度分析，常可分为表层理解和深层理解。所谓表层理解，就是对文中客观事实的感知和记忆；所谓深层理解，就是根据文中客观事实，在认真思考后进行逻辑推理、总结或概括，得出结论，或从上下文、字里行间悟出文中没有直接表达出来的而可能存在的或必然的结果来。
以题材或体裁论，大致有下述几种：
（1）记叙文（故事、人物小传、新闻报导、史地知识介绍等）；
（2）说明文（科普文章、说明书等）；
（3）论说文（有关政治、经济、社会各方面的论述）；
（4）应用文（书信、广告、通知等）。
做阅读理解题时要注意以下几点：
一、判断类别，根据性质，掌握关键
要判断出所给文章的类别，根据文章的性质，在开始阅读后有意识地去掌握和记住某些关键的内容和词汇。如果是故事或传记，就应特别注意找出主要人物、事件发生的时间、地点、主要情节以及最后结局。主人公的主要特征及他与其他人物之间的关系也应同时记住。新闻报导、史地知识介绍，往往是一人一事地介绍，比故事、传记要简单，但也离不开记叙文的基本特点。而新闻报导特别强调时间性、准确性，因此要搞清时间、地点和数字。
二、游览全文，记住要点
解题时不要边看问题边从文中查找答案，因为用这种方法难以提高阅读理解的效果，尤其是对于深层理解的文章，应浏览全文，了解全文的概貌，画出文章的要点，记住重要的结论以及一些关键性的人名、地点、定义和数字。
三、找出主题句，查找信息
一般说来，论述性较强的文章或说明文，每一段或相关的几段里总有一句话是主题句。读了主题句后，便能知道这一段大致的中心内容，因为主题句概括了全段的主要内容，而该段其余的句子则是用来阐述或说明主题句的。
四、依据情景，猜测大意
对于一般不影响句子或全文理解的生词，可以放过去，不必务求理解。遇到重要生词时，可以采取根据上下文构词法来猜这个词的大致意思。
五、注意技巧，提高效率
有的同学经常用“顺读法”，即先读短文后读题目，然后再读短文寻找正确答案。有的同学采用“倒读法”，即先读题目后读短文，最后寻找答案。我比较赞成“倒读法”。“倒读法”对解答表层理解的题目（提问时间、地点、原因等）效果最好，对深层理解的题目，要从短文的整体内容出发，进行概括和总结，分析所提供选项，做出准确的判断。
在做到以上几点的基础上，就可以对文章后面所给的问题，分别用“一次判断”、“逐个分析”以及“排除法”等方式来进行判断解答。
实例分析
例1 试用“倒读法”解下面各题：
（1）The great ship,“Titanic”set off from England to________.
A.AustraliaB.the USAC.ArabiaD.Europe
（2）People then thought it was safe to be on the ship because________.
A.it had 16 compartments
B.it had more lifeboats than other ships
C.it could not sink even if 4 compartments were broken
D.both A and C
（3）The ship was hit________.
A.when it started to cross the sea
B.when a very large iceberg was suddenly seen ahead
C.soon after it turned quickly on time
D.soon after it had crossed the sea
（4）About 1500 people were dead because________.
A.the ship was the largest and finest
B.4 of those compartments were broken
C.hundreds of people jumped out into the water
D.there were not enough lifeboats
（5）Which is the best title for the passage?
A.How Does the “Titanic” Go Down?
B.How Was the Great Ship Sinking?
C.The Sinking of the “Titanic”
D.The Sinking of a Ship
分析与答案 利用倒读的方法，我们可以从（1）到（4）中迅速了解到the ship“Titanic”从英国航行到某地去，为什么那么多人丧生等情况。在阅读短文时，就能很快抓住有关信息，轻而易举地找出正确答案（分别是B、D、C、D）。短文如下：
The great ship,“Titanic”（泰坦尼克号），set off for America in April 1912 on its first trip.It was carrying more than 2000 people.
The “Titanic” was the largest and finest ship at that time.People thought it was safe to be on the ship because it had 16 compartments（密封舱）with it.Even if（即使是）4 of those were broken,it would still be able to stay on the sea.
Four days later,when the “Titanic” was crossing the sea,the man on watch suddenly saw a very large iceberg ahead.The great ship turned quickly on time,but before long there was a sound from below.The captain went down to see what was the matter.To his surprise,he found the ship was sinking fast because 5 compartments had been broken!Hundreds of people jumped out into the water.As there were not enough lifeboats,about 1500 lives were lost.
（5）问短文的最好标题，属于深层理解，当你读完短文就会明白最好的标题不是A（Titanic是如何沉下去的），也不是B（这艘大船是如何正在下沉的），也不是D（一只船的下沉），而是C（“Titanic”号沉船事件）。
例2 利用“顺读法”解下列各题：
James Watt（詹姆斯·瓦特）and the Kettle（水壶）
James Watt was an English boy.He liked to ask questions and was always thinking hard.One day he was sitting in the kitchen（厨房）with his grandmother.There he saw a kettle on the stove（炉子）.Soon steam began to rise out of the kettle,and the lid was shaking.
“Grandma,what’s in the kettle?”he asked.
“Water,my child.Nothing but water.”
“But I know there is something else.It pushes the lid up.”
“Oh,that’s only steam.”
“How does the steam get under the lid?”
“It comes from the hot water.”
The boy said to himself.“The steam must be very strong.It can push things.If there is more water,the steam will be much stronger.”Many years later，James Watt tried hard and succeeded in making steam work for people.He gave the world its first steam engine（发动机）.
1.Find the word from this story according to the phrases.
（1）a thing for boiling water:k________
（2）a thing in which fire burning for warming or cooking:s______
（3）movable（可移动的） cover for opening:l________
（4）gain（收获） what one is trying to do:s________
（5）use force on something to make it move away:p________
2.According to the story,choose the correct answer:
（1）James Watt was from________.
A.AmericaB.AustraliaC.EnglandD.Germany
（2）There was________on the stove.
A.a basinB.a kettleC.a jarD.a pan
（3）Grandma told little Watt why the lid of the kettle was up and down.It was because_______.
A.the stream pushed itB.the boy moved it
C.the lid moved itselfD.someone came and did it
（4）Many years later Watt invented________.
A.the first sewing machine B.the first computer
C.the first bike D.the first steam engine
（5）James Watt was________.
A.a famous writer B.a famous driver
C.a famous scientist D.a famous musician
分析与答案 题1是做阅读理解的常见题，先把所给的词组或短语意思弄清，然后从短文中找单词就不难了。
（1）意为“烧开水的工具”，这就是kettle。
（2）意为“能在其中燃烧用以取暖或烧饭的东西”，这就是stove。
（3）意为“能打开并可移动的东西”，这就是lid。
（4）意为“通过努力去做而取得的收获”，这就是succeed。
（5）意为“在某物上用力使其移动”，这就是push。
2.根据短文选择答案
（1）选C。短文中第一句话就告诉我们詹姆斯·瓦特是英国人。
（2）选B。答案A是盆，C是个罐子，D则是平底锅，根据短文只能选B。
（3）选A。短文中的奶奶告诉瓦特蒸汽来自热水。壶盖上下波动的力既不是瓦特施的，也不是有人进来动的，更不可能是壶盖自己产生的。
（4）选D。瓦特发明的是蒸汽机。
（5）选C。短文告诉我们瓦特是个著名的科学家。
以题材或体裁论，大致有下述几种：
（1）记叙文（故事、人物小传、新闻报导、史地知识介绍等）；
（2）说明文（科普文章、说明书等）；
（3）论说文（有关政治、经济、社会各方面的论述）；
（4）应用文（书信、广告、通知等）。
做阅读理解题时要注意以下几点：
一、判断类别，根据性质，掌握关键
要判断出所给文章的类别，根据文章的性质，在开始阅读后有意识地去掌握和记住某些关键的内容和词汇。如果是故事或传记，就应特别注意找出主要人物、事件发生的时间、地点、主要情节以及最后结局。主人公的主要特征及他与其他人物之间的关系也应同时记住。新闻报导、史地知识介绍，往往是一人一事地介绍，比故事、传记要简单，但也离不开记叙文的基本特点。而新闻报导特别强调时间性、准确性，因此要搞清时间、地点和数字。
二、游览全文，记住要点
解题时不要边看问题边从文中查找答案，因为用这种方法难以提高阅读理解的效果，尤其是对于深层理解的文章，应浏览全文，了解全文的概貌，画出文章的要点，记住重要的结论以及一些关键性的人名、地点、定义和数字。
三、找出主题句，查找信息
一般说来，论述性较强的文章或说明文，每一段或相关的几段里总有一句话是主题句。读了主题句后，便能知道这一段大致的中心内容，因为主题句概括了全段的主要内容，而该段其余的句子则是用来阐述或说明主题句的。
四、依据情景，猜测大意
对于一般不影响句子或全文理解的生词，可以放过去，不必务求理解。遇到重要生词时，可以采取根据上下文构词法来猜这个词的大致意思。
五、注意技巧，提高效率
有的同学经常用“顺读法”，即先读短文后读题目，然后再读短文寻找正确答案。有的同学采用“倒读法”，即先读题目后读短文，最后寻找答案。我比较赞成“倒读法”。“倒读法”对解答表层理解的题目（提问时间、地点、原因等）效果最好，对深层理解的题目，要从短文的整体内容出发，进行概括和总结，分析所提供选项，做出准确的判断。
在做到以上几点的基础上，就可以对文章后面所给的问题，分别用“一次判断”、“逐个分析”以及“排除法”等方式来进行判断解答。
实例分析
例1 试用“倒读法”解下面各题：
（1）The great ship,“Titanic”set off from England to________.
A.AustraliaB.the USAC.ArabiaD.Europe
（2）People then thought it was safe to be on the ship because________.
A.it had 16 compartments
B.it had more lifeboats than other ships
C.it could not sink even if 4 compartments were broken
D.both A and C
（3）The ship was hit________.
A.when it started to cross the sea
B.when a very large iceberg was suddenly seen ahead
C.soon after it turned quickly on time
D.soon after it had crossed the sea
（4）About 1500 people were dead because________.
A.the ship was the largest and finest
B.4 of those compartments were broken
C.hundreds of people jumped out into the water
D.there were not enough lifeboats
（5）Which is the best title for the passage?
A.How Does the “Titanic” Go Down?
B.How Was the Great Ship Sinking?
C.The Sinking of the “Titanic”
D.The Sinking of a Ship
分析与答案 利用倒读的方法，我们可以从（1）到（4）中迅速了解到the ship“Titanic”从英国航行到某地去，为什么那么多人丧生等情况。在阅读短文时，就能很快抓住有关信息，轻而易举地找出正确答案（分别是B、D、C、D）。短文如下：
The great ship,“Titanic”（泰坦尼克号），set off for America in April 1912 on its first trip.It was carrying more than 2000 people.
The “Titanic” was the largest and finest ship at that time.People thought it was safe to be on the ship because it had 16 compartments（密封舱）with it.Even if（即使是）4 of those were broken,it would still be able to stay on the sea.
Four days later,when the “Titanic” was crossing the sea,the man on watch suddenly saw a very large iceberg ahead.The great ship turned quickly on time,but before long there was a sound from below.The captain went down to see what was the matter.To his surprise,he found the ship was sinking fast because 5 compartments had been broken!Hundreds of people jumped out into the water.As there were not enough lifeboats,about 1500 lives were lost.
（5）问短文的最好标题，属于深层理解，当你读完短文就会明白最好的标题不是A（Titanic是如何沉下去的），也不是B（这艘大船是如何正在下沉的），也不是D（一只船的下沉），而是C（“Titanic”号沉船事件）。
例2 利用“顺读法”解下列各题：
James Watt（詹姆斯·瓦特）and the Kettle（水壶）
James Watt was an English boy.He liked to ask questions and was always thinking hard.One day he was sitting in the kitchen（厨房）with his grandmother.There he saw a kettle on the stove（炉子）.Soon steam began to rise out of the kettle,and the lid was shaking.
“Grandma,what’s in the kettle?”he asked.
“Water,my child.Nothing but water.”
“But I know there is something else.It pushes the lid up.”
“Oh,that’s only steam.”
“How does the steam get under the lid?”
“It comes from the hot water.”
The boy said to himself.“The steam must be very strong.It can push things.If there is more water,the steam will be much stronger.”Many years later，James Watt tried hard and succeeded in making steam work for people.He gave the world its first steam engine（发动机）.
1.Find the word from this story according to the phrases.
（1）a thing for boiling water:k________
（2）a thing in which fire burning for warming or cooking:s______
（3）movable（可移动的） cover for opening:l________
（4）gain（收获） what one is trying to do:s________
（5）use force on something to make it move away:p________
2.According to the story,choose the correct answer:
（1）James Watt was from________.
A.AmericaB.AustraliaC.EnglandD.Germany
（2）There was________on the stove.
A.a basinB.a kettleC.a jarD.a pan
（3）Grandma told little Watt why the lid of the kettle was up and down.It was because_______.
A.the stream pushed itB.the boy moved it
C.the lid moved itselfD.someone came and did it
（4）Many years later Watt invented________.
A.the first sewing machine B.the first computer
C.the first bike D.the first steam engine
（5）James Watt was________.
A.a famous writer B.a famous driver
C.a famous scientist D.a famous musician
分析与答案 题1是做阅读理解的常见题，先把所给的词组或短语意思弄清，然后从短文中找单词就不难了。
（1）意为“烧开水的工具”，这就是kettle。
（2）意为“能在其中燃烧用以取暖或烧饭的东西”，这就是stove。
（3）意为“能打开并可移动的东西”，这就是lid。
（4）意为“通过努力去做而取得的收获”，这就是succeed。
（5）意为“在某物上用力使其移动”，这就是push。
2.根据短文选择答案
（1）选C。短文中第一句话就告诉我们詹姆斯·瓦特是英国人。
（2）选B。答案A是盆，C是个罐子，D则是平底锅，根据短文只能选B。
（3）选A。短文中的奶奶告诉瓦特蒸汽来自热水。壶盖上下波动的力既不是瓦特施的，也不是有人进来动的，更不可能是壶盖自己产生的。
（4）选D。瓦特发明的是蒸汽机。
（5）选C。短文告诉我们瓦特是个著名的科学家。