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摘 要:概要写作是一种对原始文章的主要观点或事实进行浓缩加工并构建语义连贯短文的过程,是一种控制型的写作,也是浙江省进入新高考出现的新题型。本文首先对人教版高中《英语》(必修五)第四单元的阅读文本内容进行了分析,提出了阅读指向概要写作的“三阶五步”教学思路,然后基于教材和学生分析,确定本课教学目标为获取成为优秀记者的素质、技能以及相关建议等要点信息,完成概要写作。结合课堂实录呈现了教学过程和教学效果,作者最后反思了本课教学的得与失,提出了如何利用对话体阅读文本培养学生的概要写作能力,建议教师以概要写作为教学目标驱动对话体阅读文本的深入解读,从而使阅读服务于概要写作,概要写作驱动阅读理解。
关键词:概要写作;对话体阅读文本;教学设计
引言
2016年10月浙江省正式进入新高考,概要写作新题型引起了广大教师的关注。概要(summary)是一种对原始文章的主要观点或事实进行浓缩加工并构建语义连贯短文的过程(邓丽,2009),是一种控制型的写作,是一种“阅读+写作”或者可以称作“理解+产出”的复合型任务(陈蕊娜,2015)。因此,没有深入、准确的阅读,就没有要点全面、内容客观的概要写作。但是,并非所有的文本体裁都适合概要写作。不少教师抱怨,现行的人教版教材中,有不少如对话体体裁的文本,这些文本结构松散、要点分散,在日常的阅读教学中,本就不易做教学设计,更不用说将阅读与概要写作结合。然而,概要写作不仅仅是一种写作方式,更是一种学习手段,一种语言能力,因此,为什么不针对概要写作的特点,基于概要写作的驱动,更加全面、深入地阅读对话体体裁的文本呢?本文旨在通过案例分析,探讨概要写作驱动下的对话体文本的阅读教学。
教学分析
1. 教學思路
本课教学为常态阅读课,虽然阅读文本本身并不适合概要写作,但是,通过教材处理,依据概要写作的特点,依旧可以展开指向概要写作能力培养的阅读教学。因此,本课教学划分为三个阶段(读前,读中,读后),读前激活图式,辅助阅读;读中提取内容信息和语篇结构,为概要写作提供框架和必要的语言支持;读后关注语篇衔接和转化阅读信息,进行概要写作和佳作赏析。本节课共包括五个教学步骤。步骤一为目标驱动,教师布置学习任务,陈述教学目标,激发学习积极性和主动性;步骤二为读前预测,教师引导学生解读阅读文章标题,了解阅读文本中对话双方的基本信息,根据unforgettable,never will forget,strongly influence等语言,推测文章内容,获取文章大意;步骤三为读中理解,教师将文本划分为三部分,引导学生逐一阅读文本,先找出每部分关于如何成为优秀记者的信息,然后根据细节概括大意;步骤四为读后概要,读后梳理阅读信息,组织概括语言,完成概要写作;步骤五为佳作赏析,师生就表达的正确性、全面性、连贯性,共同评价一篇范文,提出二稿写作的修改要求。
2. 教材分析
本课教材选自人教版高中《英语》(必修五)第四单元。本节课阅读材料选自Reading部分My First Work Assignment“Unforgettable”,Says New Journalist,语篇内容为一个跃跃欲试的新手记者(Zhou Yang)和上司Hu Xin之间的谈话。正文可分为三部分,分别从如何在团队中协作、如何报道准确的新闻、如何免受控告三方面,讲述了成为优秀记者需要具备的素质、技能和建议。由于文章是以对话形式呈现,文中并没有中心句或关键词,因此,需要学生根据对话细节内容,概括两人的谈话要点。
虽然文章采用对话形式,但语言并非完全通俗易懂。本文内容涉及新闻报道专业知识和行业术语,如get the wrong end of the stick,demand damage, cover a story等。因此,学生完成概要写作的前提是扫除语言障碍,透彻理解表层信息。
此外,标题中“unforgettable”一词起到提纲挈领的作用,它充分说明了Hu Xin的话对Zhou Yang的职业生涯产生的巨大作用,因此,教师在对话前介绍相关背景并概括交代下文内容,有助于学生获取主要信息。
3. 学生分析
本班学生通过前三个学期的学习,能够基本独立完成篇章阅读,能够利用上下文理解生词,能够灵活运用阅读技能和策略获得表层信息,完成难度不高的阅读任务。但是仍处于语言学习初级阶段的高中生,还不能独立自主分析难词、推断深层含义,还不能独立自主概括段落大意、抽取文章框架,还不能独立自主构建写作框架,完成任务写作。总之,本班大部分学生在完成难词的理解、信息的概括、段落的划分上,存在一定的困难。
本班多数学生性格内向,喜欢独立完成学习任务,不喜欢情景对话、虚构的角色表演。因此,概要写作是一项能够很好满足学生认知需求的活动。
4. 学习目标
(1)语言能力与学习能力
1)发展指向概要写作的阅读能力:能够能依据文本信息,理解unforgettable、cover等在文中的深层次含义,从而完成文本的语码解读,即读懂;能够根据信号词、关键词等,判定信息的主次,保留、概括主要信息,忽略、删去次要信息或无关信息。
2)发展概要写作能力:能够使用恰当的逻辑连接词,确保要点衔接得当,逻辑忠实原文,语段衔接连贯流畅。
(2)文化品格与思维品质
通过本课学习,学生知道关于新闻报道的基本流程,了解成为优秀记者需要的素质、技能和经验;能够体会到从事新闻报道记者的苦与乐;能够根据概要写作的任务,甄别关键信息与非关键信息,关键词与非关键词;能够根据文中信号词,关键词等,判定要点之间的逻辑。
5. 重点难点
本课教学重点为概括文章三部分的中心大意,并将其作为写作框架进行任务写作。教学活动主要聚焦获取成为优秀记者的素质、技能以及相关建议等要点信息,通过转述和概括对话内容,完成概要写作。本节课的难点为正确区分主要点和次要点,排除行业术语等阅读障碍,正确理解文章内容,准确概括文章三部分的中心大意,用自己的语言写出文章概要。 教学过程
步骤一:读前驱动,明确目标
【设计说明】
读前确立目标,使学生明确学习方向,把握课堂重心,有利于学生注意力的集中、学习动机的激发。
【师生互动实录】
T: Morning, everyone. Today, we are going to focus on the following learning objectives.
a. Decode all the words and expressions and know what is written;
b. Divide the passage into three parts and summarize each part in your own words to show how the passage is written;
c. Decide on the proper means for linking and appreciate what determines a good summary.
【教學效果分析】
学生明确课堂学习内容,做好了阅读的准备,同时驱动学生重点关注阅读中的主要信息,为概要写作铺垫。
步骤二: 读前预测,掌握大意
【设计说明】
该部分的阅读任务跟传统意义上的读前活动有所不同。传统意义上,读前活动往往是选用与文章相关话题进行口笔头的交际训练,或扫清词汇障碍或解决背景知识,然后阅读标题,预测文本内容。本节课中,读前活动指的是正文前的阅读,包括标题和背景介绍。该活动充分利用标题概括文章大意,利用背景介绍获取文章背景、理清人物关系,并推测文章的大致内容,提出了阅读的核心任务(read for qualities, skills and advice on becoming a successful journalist),问题驱动阅读活动,使得课堂阅读重点突出。
【师生互动实录】
T: Look through the passage, and tell me whether it is the same with those readings we have read.
S1: No, it is different.
T: What is different?
S1: It is ...two people...
T: (nodding) Two people’s talk. It is a conversation. Right?
S1:Yeah.
T: Good, sit down please. And before the talk, you can find two lines, right?
Ss: Yes.
T: Usually it is an introduction about the talk, or some background information. It is important because we can get much information from this part. Now, let’s read the title and the first two lines. Pay attention to some words you think are informative.
Ss: (read)
T: Who are the speakers?
Ss: Zhou Yang and Hu Xin.
T: What does Zhou Yang do?
S2: He is a journalist.
T: What kind of journalist? Experienced?
S2: No, he is a new journalist.
T: Yes, a NEW (stressed) journalist. What about Hu Xin?
S3: He is Zhou Yang’s boss.
T: Right. What can you infer from the words “unforgettable”, “never will ZhouYang forget” and “strongly influence”? Remember Zhou Yang is a green hand and Hu Xin is his boss.
S4: Hu Xin is going to say something important to Zhou Yang.
T: What is important to Zhou Yang? S4: Maybe some experience or... T: What’s your opinion?
S5: Hu Xin is going to tell Zhou Yang what to do.
T: What exactly?
S5: How to be a good journalist.
T: So you think this talk is about how to become a good journalist, right?
S5: Yes.
T: I agree. Thank you. In order to tell Zhou Yang how to become a good, or successful journalist ( note on blackboard), what exactly will Hu Xin mention? S6-9: Skills / Experiences/ Qualities/ Advice.
T: Good job, everyone. So we are going to read this passage, and our main reading task is to read for qualities, skills and advice on becoming a successful journalist.
【教学效果分析】
学生抓住关键词,推测出文章的主要内容是关于如何成为一位优秀的记者,并通过教师的引导,从素质、技能和建议三个方面阅读文本,如此,提高了閱读的针对性,为概要写作留出了时间。
步骤三:读中理解,概括大意
(1)片段一阅读
Read the first section from line 3 to line 15, pick out the information about how to become a successful journalist and then summarize the main idea of this section.
【设计说明】
之所以将文章分为三部分进行阅读,除了学生全文阅读并找寻信息有难度外,教师将文章的写作脉络以阅读任务的方式呈现给学生,要求学生根据不同的细节概括出每一部分的大意,明白文章是从三个方面讲述了如何成为一名成功的记者。因此,将阅读的任务分散到各个部分,降低了难度,分散了难点,学生的注意力更容易集中,学生完成任务的质量更高,并且成就感更强;学生同时获得了关于如何成为一名成功记者的内容要点和写作框架,可谓一举两得。本环节教师关注内容的获取,对于文章中出现的admirable,unusual等词并不多加关注,因为该类词汇并不影响学生的阅读理解和信息的获得,可以将该类词汇留作下节课的知识点。因此,本课的重点突出,难点容易突破,学生只关注信息的获得,并能够将其作为写作内容呈现在概要之中。
【师生互动实录】
T: Now, everyone, please read from line 3 to line 15. While reading, underline the words and sentences about how to become a successful journalist. Here we go.
Ss: (Read the corresponding lines.)
T: What have you got?
S10: First we’ll put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist.
T: Yeah, first, an assistant to an experienced journalist. (Note on blackboard) You?
S11: Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself.
T: Right, cover and submit a story.(Note on blackboard) Anything else?
S12: You’ll find your colleagues very eager to assist you.
T: Especially who?
S13: A professional photographer.
T: Yes, a professional photographer.(Note on blackboard) Now, everyone, based on all the details, what is this part mainly about?
Ss: (Think)
T: S14, have a try.
S14: In a team.
T: So this section is about how to work...
Ss: In a team.
T: (Note on blackboard).
【教学效果分析】
学生根据读前活动提出的qualities,迅速找到文本中说明qualities的内容,结合板书和教师的引导,学生归纳了记者需要与不同的人合作,因此,在教师提供的前半句提示下,学生能够准确地说出该部分的大意是关于如何进行团队合作。
(2) 片段二阅读
Read the second section from line 16 to line 29 and pick out information about how to become a successful journalist and then summarize the main idea.
【设计说明】
在任务驱动下,学生完成该部分的积极性较高,并通过前面步骤的铺垫,学生能够快速找到相应的信息。虽然该部分生词较少,但是文本包含的优秀记者的能力与技能较多,并且分散在各处,因此,学生很难一次性将答案呈现出来,所以教师通过引导不同学生,集众人之力,将相应信息呈现在板书上(板书包括三个部分所提炼出来的关于成为优秀记者的重点,除了呈现文本的脉络和信息,也能在学生进行习作时起到提示的作用。)本段中,教师通过引导学生关注信号词、上下文线索等方式引导学生自主理解生词,处理了have a good nose, assess等核心词汇,为学生理解全文、概括要点奠定了重要基础。 【师生互动实录】
T: Now, let’s read to line 29. Boys, you are going to read Hu Xin’s lines, and girls, you are going to read Zhou Yang’s lines. While reading, still remember to underline the information about how to become a successful journalist. Now, girls, ready? Go!
Ss: (Read this section)
T: What have you got?
S15: Ask many different questions.
T: Yes. (Note on blackboard) Continue.
S15: Don’t miss your deadline. Don’t be rude. Don’t talk too much.
T: Three Don’ts. (Note on blackboard) These are Hu Xin’s...
S15: Advice.
T: Right. Anything else?
S16: Listen carefully.
T: Yes. While listening, what else should be done?
S16: Take notes.
T: Right. Listen and take notes. (Note on blackboard) One more skill. How about S17?
S17: Have a good nose.
T: That’s right. How do you understand this expression?
S17: Know what is going on.
T: Right, but we can find there is a word indicating the meaning of this expression. Which one?
Ss: Means.
T: Right. So what is the meaning of the expression?
S18: Be able to assess when people are not telling the truth.
T: So if the interviewee is not telling the truth, what should a journalist do?
S19: Do some researches.
T: Good, that’s right. (Note on blackboard) Now, according to all the details, what is the main idea of this section?
Ss: (think)
T: What is your answer?
S20: This section is about how to cover a story.
T: OK. It is about how to cover an accurate story.
【教學效果分析】
按照上步的阅读方式,学生快速地找到关于如何成为优秀记者的内容,在该步骤中,由于教师的脚手架多搭在词义的理解上,学生能够快速、准确理解文本内容。基于第一部分的阅读,要点的概括,教师撤掉了本该给出的半句话脚手架,学生在挑战下,更有完成学习任务的动机。
(3)片段三阅读
Read the third section silently from line 30 to line 41, pick out relevant information and then summarize the main idea of this section.
【设计说明】
与前面两步相似,学生直接概括大意是有困难的。因此,教师通过引导学生关注相应细节,让学生将故事中的指控与成为记者要做调查等细节联系起来,如此,学生能够从建议角度思考概括该部分的大意。
从整体上来看,教师阅读任务的设置旨在获得概要写作需要的信息内容,因此,在不影响学生理解的情况下,教师应当对语言点进行简单处理,突出重点,为学生概要写作做好知识和内容准备。
【师生互动实录】
T: Now read the last section and answer the questions: Q1.What is the story in this section about? Q2. Why does the Hu Xin mention the story?
Ss: (read)
T: What is this story about? S21.
S21: It is about a footballer taking money and not scoring goals deliberately.
T: Yes, and the journalist reported it? S21: Yes.
T: Was he sure about the details?
S21: No.
T: We know the result of the report. The report was proved right. Then, what if it is not?
S21: The footballer could have demanded damages.
T: It means if the report was not right, the journalist would be accused. Then, why does the Hu Xin tell Zhou Yang this story?
S22: To tell him how to avoid accusations. Some suggestions.
T: Good. So, what is the main idea of this section?
S22: It is about how to avoid accusations.
T: Good. How to protect a story from accusations. (Note on blackboard) Then, how?
S23: He needs evidence.
T: How can a journalist collect evidence? You can read the lines just ahead.
S24: Do researches and use a recorder.
T: Good. (Note on blackboard)
【教學效果分析】
在这部分教学中,首先让学生概括这个单独完整的故事,其次,该部分的概括与前两部分的概括方式会有很大的差异。对于学生而言,这部分任务有些难度,教师因此需要提供新的脚手架。从效果看,学生在问题的驱动下,回答了who、what、how、why等相关问题,就能够准确地概括出要点。
步骤四: 读后习作,撰写概要
Rewrite all the three main ideas with necessary details. Then put the main ideas into a summary with proper linking words.
【设计说明】
阅读任务是完成文字的理解和基于细节概括大意,但是本节阅读内容的大意过于宽泛,缺少必要的细节内容。因此,在撰写全文概要时,首先应该是通过重要细节,用自己的语言概括要点。俗话说,万事开头难,由于课堂时间有限,给学生第一个句子,能够帮助他们快速整理思路并着手写作;由于学生词汇量有限,提供必要的逻辑连接词,帮助他们写出连贯流畅的概要,降低写作难度。
【师生互动实录】
T: Now, we have got all the information about how to become a good journalist. What are the three points?
Ss: (How to work in a team, how to cover an accurate story, how to protect a story from accusations.)
T: Now, we have got the key words on the blackboard. Try to put all the key words into one sentence and then you’ll have your own summary of each part.
Ss: (Think, discuss and write the main idea of each part.)
T: What about the first part?
S25: (To become a successful journalist, one should work in a team with another experienced journalist and get assistant from a professional photographer.)
S26: (A successful journalist should cooperate with an experienced journalist for experience and a professional photographer for assistance.)
T: How about the second section?
S27: (When covering a story, a successful journalist must keep in his mind some dos and don’ts. )
S28: (In order to cover a good story, there are skills and requirements for a successful journalist.)
T: Then the third section?
S29: (A story is made for giving advice on how to avoid accusation by doing researches for evidence.) S30: (Evidence is needed to avoid accusation, which is suggested from the story.)
T: I think all of you have got your own version of the main idea of each part. Now, write your summary with proper linking words from my vocabulary pool. You have your first sentence (There are things to keep in mind when one wants to make a successful journalist).
Ss: (do the writing.)
【教学效果分析】
板书在这个过程中起到的主要作用有:第一,它帮助学生迅速回顾了课文要点,其次,它提供了学生补充重要细节的依据。学生能够根据板书,提炼关键词,归纳要点,为概要写作的输出做好了语言和内容的准备。另外,教师为学生概要写作提供的第一句,在不影响目标输出的前提下,能够快速地帮助学生搭建写作框架、组织写作要点,减少了写作负担,保证学生能够在课堂上完成初稿写作并留下时间完成二稿提升。
步骤五: 佳作赏析,二稿提升
Check list:
a. Are all the key points included?
b. Are all the points lined in a logic and natural way?
c. Are all the words correctly used?
d. Are all the sentences made with his own words?
【设计说明】
教师呈现自己撰写的范文,并组织师生互动赏析。由于学生可用于点评的语言匮乏,若是完全让学生点评,难度较大。因此,要求学生参考评价核查表进行互评和自评。核查表的使用,有助于学生更加关注要点表达的正确性、全面性和连贯性,明确二稿修改方向。
【教师范文】
(A sample writing)
There are things to keep in mind when one wants to make a successful journalist. Teamwork goes a long way where experience should be learned and assistance can be got from colleagues. Additionally, one should always bear it in mind that necessary skills as well as important dos and don’ts are of great importance like“never miss the deadline”. What is equally important is to avoid accusation with evidence collected from researches. (72 words)
【教学效果分析】
在互评上,由于评价核查表的使用,学生提出了可行的修改意见,在修改意见下,学生能够逐条修改自己的初稿,用词上更准确、丰富,造句上更准确、客观,成篇上更流畅、连贯。
教学反思
教材体裁多样化,并不是所有教材都能“拿来即用”,但是却可以通过教师的适当改编能够使得如对话体这样的阅读文本体裁,成为概要写作教学素材。反观本课设计,笔者认为,依据对话体文本的特点,既要做到阅读服务于概要写作,又要做到概要写作驱动阅读理解。
1. 深入解读文本,阅读服务于概要写作,读出概要写作所需元素
旨在培养学生概要写作能力的阅读活动设计,其教学目标应明确定位,即阅读为概要写作输出做铺垫。但是由于对话体的文本内容分散、要点不集中,因此,以问题为驱动,以细节为铺垫,通过关键词和主要内容,概括要点;由于对话体的文本涉及多方对话,条理不容易理清,文本脉络往往不够清晰,学生在课堂上要理清对话要点,需要大量的时间,因此,教师须搭建多样脚手架,划分段落、提供关键词、关键句等,便于学生集中注意力概括要点并组织语言成文。总而言之,基于对话体文本的读写课,须深入解读文本,通过划分段落、巧设问题、忽视无关细节等手段,针对文本特色,基于概要写作有目标地阅读,因“材”施教。
2. 巧设写作目标,概要写作驱动阅读理解,写出阅读理解所得结果
基于阅读的概要写作,写作是阅读的产出,因此,写作目标应与阅读目标息息相关。对话体文本的阅读目标,重在讀懂内容,涉及语言的理解,以及获取知识,涉及内容的概括以及说话人意图的推断等。因此,写作的目标应集中在使用阅读文本中的关键词,用自己的语言概括文本的主要内容。当然,写作仍须涉及框架、衔接等,但这些教学内容不将成为基于概要写作的阅读课的教学目标,因此,教师应该在这些方面提供合适的脚手架。总而言之,教师可以依据阅读文本,设置针对性目标,并在写作中呈现阅读成果,保证读写目标一致,突出课堂教学重心,保证课堂教学有效性。
参考文献
陈蕊娜. 2012. 概要写作过程策略个案调查研究[J]. 教育文化论坛, 4(5): 85-89
邓丽. 2009. 批判性阅读策略在英文概要写作中的应用[J].沈阳教育学院学报,10:48-49
教育部考试中心. 2015. 普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明(高考综合改革试验省份试用)[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
关键词:概要写作;对话体阅读文本;教学设计
引言
2016年10月浙江省正式进入新高考,概要写作新题型引起了广大教师的关注。概要(summary)是一种对原始文章的主要观点或事实进行浓缩加工并构建语义连贯短文的过程(邓丽,2009),是一种控制型的写作,是一种“阅读+写作”或者可以称作“理解+产出”的复合型任务(陈蕊娜,2015)。因此,没有深入、准确的阅读,就没有要点全面、内容客观的概要写作。但是,并非所有的文本体裁都适合概要写作。不少教师抱怨,现行的人教版教材中,有不少如对话体体裁的文本,这些文本结构松散、要点分散,在日常的阅读教学中,本就不易做教学设计,更不用说将阅读与概要写作结合。然而,概要写作不仅仅是一种写作方式,更是一种学习手段,一种语言能力,因此,为什么不针对概要写作的特点,基于概要写作的驱动,更加全面、深入地阅读对话体体裁的文本呢?本文旨在通过案例分析,探讨概要写作驱动下的对话体文本的阅读教学。
教学分析
1. 教學思路
本课教学为常态阅读课,虽然阅读文本本身并不适合概要写作,但是,通过教材处理,依据概要写作的特点,依旧可以展开指向概要写作能力培养的阅读教学。因此,本课教学划分为三个阶段(读前,读中,读后),读前激活图式,辅助阅读;读中提取内容信息和语篇结构,为概要写作提供框架和必要的语言支持;读后关注语篇衔接和转化阅读信息,进行概要写作和佳作赏析。本节课共包括五个教学步骤。步骤一为目标驱动,教师布置学习任务,陈述教学目标,激发学习积极性和主动性;步骤二为读前预测,教师引导学生解读阅读文章标题,了解阅读文本中对话双方的基本信息,根据unforgettable,never will forget,strongly influence等语言,推测文章内容,获取文章大意;步骤三为读中理解,教师将文本划分为三部分,引导学生逐一阅读文本,先找出每部分关于如何成为优秀记者的信息,然后根据细节概括大意;步骤四为读后概要,读后梳理阅读信息,组织概括语言,完成概要写作;步骤五为佳作赏析,师生就表达的正确性、全面性、连贯性,共同评价一篇范文,提出二稿写作的修改要求。
2. 教材分析
本课教材选自人教版高中《英语》(必修五)第四单元。本节课阅读材料选自Reading部分My First Work Assignment“Unforgettable”,Says New Journalist,语篇内容为一个跃跃欲试的新手记者(Zhou Yang)和上司Hu Xin之间的谈话。正文可分为三部分,分别从如何在团队中协作、如何报道准确的新闻、如何免受控告三方面,讲述了成为优秀记者需要具备的素质、技能和建议。由于文章是以对话形式呈现,文中并没有中心句或关键词,因此,需要学生根据对话细节内容,概括两人的谈话要点。
虽然文章采用对话形式,但语言并非完全通俗易懂。本文内容涉及新闻报道专业知识和行业术语,如get the wrong end of the stick,demand damage, cover a story等。因此,学生完成概要写作的前提是扫除语言障碍,透彻理解表层信息。
此外,标题中“unforgettable”一词起到提纲挈领的作用,它充分说明了Hu Xin的话对Zhou Yang的职业生涯产生的巨大作用,因此,教师在对话前介绍相关背景并概括交代下文内容,有助于学生获取主要信息。
3. 学生分析
本班学生通过前三个学期的学习,能够基本独立完成篇章阅读,能够利用上下文理解生词,能够灵活运用阅读技能和策略获得表层信息,完成难度不高的阅读任务。但是仍处于语言学习初级阶段的高中生,还不能独立自主分析难词、推断深层含义,还不能独立自主概括段落大意、抽取文章框架,还不能独立自主构建写作框架,完成任务写作。总之,本班大部分学生在完成难词的理解、信息的概括、段落的划分上,存在一定的困难。
本班多数学生性格内向,喜欢独立完成学习任务,不喜欢情景对话、虚构的角色表演。因此,概要写作是一项能够很好满足学生认知需求的活动。
4. 学习目标
(1)语言能力与学习能力
1)发展指向概要写作的阅读能力:能够能依据文本信息,理解unforgettable、cover等在文中的深层次含义,从而完成文本的语码解读,即读懂;能够根据信号词、关键词等,判定信息的主次,保留、概括主要信息,忽略、删去次要信息或无关信息。
2)发展概要写作能力:能够使用恰当的逻辑连接词,确保要点衔接得当,逻辑忠实原文,语段衔接连贯流畅。
(2)文化品格与思维品质
通过本课学习,学生知道关于新闻报道的基本流程,了解成为优秀记者需要的素质、技能和经验;能够体会到从事新闻报道记者的苦与乐;能够根据概要写作的任务,甄别关键信息与非关键信息,关键词与非关键词;能够根据文中信号词,关键词等,判定要点之间的逻辑。
5. 重点难点
本课教学重点为概括文章三部分的中心大意,并将其作为写作框架进行任务写作。教学活动主要聚焦获取成为优秀记者的素质、技能以及相关建议等要点信息,通过转述和概括对话内容,完成概要写作。本节课的难点为正确区分主要点和次要点,排除行业术语等阅读障碍,正确理解文章内容,准确概括文章三部分的中心大意,用自己的语言写出文章概要。 教学过程
步骤一:读前驱动,明确目标
【设计说明】
读前确立目标,使学生明确学习方向,把握课堂重心,有利于学生注意力的集中、学习动机的激发。
【师生互动实录】
T: Morning, everyone. Today, we are going to focus on the following learning objectives.
a. Decode all the words and expressions and know what is written;
b. Divide the passage into three parts and summarize each part in your own words to show how the passage is written;
c. Decide on the proper means for linking and appreciate what determines a good summary.
【教學效果分析】
学生明确课堂学习内容,做好了阅读的准备,同时驱动学生重点关注阅读中的主要信息,为概要写作铺垫。
步骤二: 读前预测,掌握大意
【设计说明】
该部分的阅读任务跟传统意义上的读前活动有所不同。传统意义上,读前活动往往是选用与文章相关话题进行口笔头的交际训练,或扫清词汇障碍或解决背景知识,然后阅读标题,预测文本内容。本节课中,读前活动指的是正文前的阅读,包括标题和背景介绍。该活动充分利用标题概括文章大意,利用背景介绍获取文章背景、理清人物关系,并推测文章的大致内容,提出了阅读的核心任务(read for qualities, skills and advice on becoming a successful journalist),问题驱动阅读活动,使得课堂阅读重点突出。
【师生互动实录】
T: Look through the passage, and tell me whether it is the same with those readings we have read.
S1: No, it is different.
T: What is different?
S1: It is ...two people...
T: (nodding) Two people’s talk. It is a conversation. Right?
S1:Yeah.
T: Good, sit down please. And before the talk, you can find two lines, right?
Ss: Yes.
T: Usually it is an introduction about the talk, or some background information. It is important because we can get much information from this part. Now, let’s read the title and the first two lines. Pay attention to some words you think are informative.
Ss: (read)
T: Who are the speakers?
Ss: Zhou Yang and Hu Xin.
T: What does Zhou Yang do?
S2: He is a journalist.
T: What kind of journalist? Experienced?
S2: No, he is a new journalist.
T: Yes, a NEW (stressed) journalist. What about Hu Xin?
S3: He is Zhou Yang’s boss.
T: Right. What can you infer from the words “unforgettable”, “never will ZhouYang forget” and “strongly influence”? Remember Zhou Yang is a green hand and Hu Xin is his boss.
S4: Hu Xin is going to say something important to Zhou Yang.
T: What is important to Zhou Yang? S4: Maybe some experience or... T: What’s your opinion?
S5: Hu Xin is going to tell Zhou Yang what to do.
T: What exactly?
S5: How to be a good journalist.
T: So you think this talk is about how to become a good journalist, right?
S5: Yes.
T: I agree. Thank you. In order to tell Zhou Yang how to become a good, or successful journalist ( note on blackboard), what exactly will Hu Xin mention? S6-9: Skills / Experiences/ Qualities/ Advice.
T: Good job, everyone. So we are going to read this passage, and our main reading task is to read for qualities, skills and advice on becoming a successful journalist.
【教学效果分析】
学生抓住关键词,推测出文章的主要内容是关于如何成为一位优秀的记者,并通过教师的引导,从素质、技能和建议三个方面阅读文本,如此,提高了閱读的针对性,为概要写作留出了时间。
步骤三:读中理解,概括大意
(1)片段一阅读
Read the first section from line 3 to line 15, pick out the information about how to become a successful journalist and then summarize the main idea of this section.
【设计说明】
之所以将文章分为三部分进行阅读,除了学生全文阅读并找寻信息有难度外,教师将文章的写作脉络以阅读任务的方式呈现给学生,要求学生根据不同的细节概括出每一部分的大意,明白文章是从三个方面讲述了如何成为一名成功的记者。因此,将阅读的任务分散到各个部分,降低了难度,分散了难点,学生的注意力更容易集中,学生完成任务的质量更高,并且成就感更强;学生同时获得了关于如何成为一名成功记者的内容要点和写作框架,可谓一举两得。本环节教师关注内容的获取,对于文章中出现的admirable,unusual等词并不多加关注,因为该类词汇并不影响学生的阅读理解和信息的获得,可以将该类词汇留作下节课的知识点。因此,本课的重点突出,难点容易突破,学生只关注信息的获得,并能够将其作为写作内容呈现在概要之中。
【师生互动实录】
T: Now, everyone, please read from line 3 to line 15. While reading, underline the words and sentences about how to become a successful journalist. Here we go.
Ss: (Read the corresponding lines.)
T: What have you got?
S10: First we’ll put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist.
T: Yeah, first, an assistant to an experienced journalist. (Note on blackboard) You?
S11: Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself.
T: Right, cover and submit a story.(Note on blackboard) Anything else?
S12: You’ll find your colleagues very eager to assist you.
T: Especially who?
S13: A professional photographer.
T: Yes, a professional photographer.(Note on blackboard) Now, everyone, based on all the details, what is this part mainly about?
Ss: (Think)
T: S14, have a try.
S14: In a team.
T: So this section is about how to work...
Ss: In a team.
T: (Note on blackboard).
【教学效果分析】
学生根据读前活动提出的qualities,迅速找到文本中说明qualities的内容,结合板书和教师的引导,学生归纳了记者需要与不同的人合作,因此,在教师提供的前半句提示下,学生能够准确地说出该部分的大意是关于如何进行团队合作。
(2) 片段二阅读
Read the second section from line 16 to line 29 and pick out information about how to become a successful journalist and then summarize the main idea.
【设计说明】
在任务驱动下,学生完成该部分的积极性较高,并通过前面步骤的铺垫,学生能够快速找到相应的信息。虽然该部分生词较少,但是文本包含的优秀记者的能力与技能较多,并且分散在各处,因此,学生很难一次性将答案呈现出来,所以教师通过引导不同学生,集众人之力,将相应信息呈现在板书上(板书包括三个部分所提炼出来的关于成为优秀记者的重点,除了呈现文本的脉络和信息,也能在学生进行习作时起到提示的作用。)本段中,教师通过引导学生关注信号词、上下文线索等方式引导学生自主理解生词,处理了have a good nose, assess等核心词汇,为学生理解全文、概括要点奠定了重要基础。 【师生互动实录】
T: Now, let’s read to line 29. Boys, you are going to read Hu Xin’s lines, and girls, you are going to read Zhou Yang’s lines. While reading, still remember to underline the information about how to become a successful journalist. Now, girls, ready? Go!
Ss: (Read this section)
T: What have you got?
S15: Ask many different questions.
T: Yes. (Note on blackboard) Continue.
S15: Don’t miss your deadline. Don’t be rude. Don’t talk too much.
T: Three Don’ts. (Note on blackboard) These are Hu Xin’s...
S15: Advice.
T: Right. Anything else?
S16: Listen carefully.
T: Yes. While listening, what else should be done?
S16: Take notes.
T: Right. Listen and take notes. (Note on blackboard) One more skill. How about S17?
S17: Have a good nose.
T: That’s right. How do you understand this expression?
S17: Know what is going on.
T: Right, but we can find there is a word indicating the meaning of this expression. Which one?
Ss: Means.
T: Right. So what is the meaning of the expression?
S18: Be able to assess when people are not telling the truth.
T: So if the interviewee is not telling the truth, what should a journalist do?
S19: Do some researches.
T: Good, that’s right. (Note on blackboard) Now, according to all the details, what is the main idea of this section?
Ss: (think)
T: What is your answer?
S20: This section is about how to cover a story.
T: OK. It is about how to cover an accurate story.
【教學效果分析】
按照上步的阅读方式,学生快速地找到关于如何成为优秀记者的内容,在该步骤中,由于教师的脚手架多搭在词义的理解上,学生能够快速、准确理解文本内容。基于第一部分的阅读,要点的概括,教师撤掉了本该给出的半句话脚手架,学生在挑战下,更有完成学习任务的动机。
(3)片段三阅读
Read the third section silently from line 30 to line 41, pick out relevant information and then summarize the main idea of this section.
【设计说明】
与前面两步相似,学生直接概括大意是有困难的。因此,教师通过引导学生关注相应细节,让学生将故事中的指控与成为记者要做调查等细节联系起来,如此,学生能够从建议角度思考概括该部分的大意。
从整体上来看,教师阅读任务的设置旨在获得概要写作需要的信息内容,因此,在不影响学生理解的情况下,教师应当对语言点进行简单处理,突出重点,为学生概要写作做好知识和内容准备。
【师生互动实录】
T: Now read the last section and answer the questions: Q1.What is the story in this section about? Q2. Why does the Hu Xin mention the story?
Ss: (read)
T: What is this story about? S21.
S21: It is about a footballer taking money and not scoring goals deliberately.
T: Yes, and the journalist reported it? S21: Yes.
T: Was he sure about the details?
S21: No.
T: We know the result of the report. The report was proved right. Then, what if it is not?
S21: The footballer could have demanded damages.
T: It means if the report was not right, the journalist would be accused. Then, why does the Hu Xin tell Zhou Yang this story?
S22: To tell him how to avoid accusations. Some suggestions.
T: Good. So, what is the main idea of this section?
S22: It is about how to avoid accusations.
T: Good. How to protect a story from accusations. (Note on blackboard) Then, how?
S23: He needs evidence.
T: How can a journalist collect evidence? You can read the lines just ahead.
S24: Do researches and use a recorder.
T: Good. (Note on blackboard)
【教學效果分析】
在这部分教学中,首先让学生概括这个单独完整的故事,其次,该部分的概括与前两部分的概括方式会有很大的差异。对于学生而言,这部分任务有些难度,教师因此需要提供新的脚手架。从效果看,学生在问题的驱动下,回答了who、what、how、why等相关问题,就能够准确地概括出要点。
步骤四: 读后习作,撰写概要
Rewrite all the three main ideas with necessary details. Then put the main ideas into a summary with proper linking words.
【设计说明】
阅读任务是完成文字的理解和基于细节概括大意,但是本节阅读内容的大意过于宽泛,缺少必要的细节内容。因此,在撰写全文概要时,首先应该是通过重要细节,用自己的语言概括要点。俗话说,万事开头难,由于课堂时间有限,给学生第一个句子,能够帮助他们快速整理思路并着手写作;由于学生词汇量有限,提供必要的逻辑连接词,帮助他们写出连贯流畅的概要,降低写作难度。
【师生互动实录】
T: Now, we have got all the information about how to become a good journalist. What are the three points?
Ss: (How to work in a team, how to cover an accurate story, how to protect a story from accusations.)
T: Now, we have got the key words on the blackboard. Try to put all the key words into one sentence and then you’ll have your own summary of each part.
Ss: (Think, discuss and write the main idea of each part.)
T: What about the first part?
S25: (To become a successful journalist, one should work in a team with another experienced journalist and get assistant from a professional photographer.)
S26: (A successful journalist should cooperate with an experienced journalist for experience and a professional photographer for assistance.)
T: How about the second section?
S27: (When covering a story, a successful journalist must keep in his mind some dos and don’ts. )
S28: (In order to cover a good story, there are skills and requirements for a successful journalist.)
T: Then the third section?
S29: (A story is made for giving advice on how to avoid accusation by doing researches for evidence.) S30: (Evidence is needed to avoid accusation, which is suggested from the story.)
T: I think all of you have got your own version of the main idea of each part. Now, write your summary with proper linking words from my vocabulary pool. You have your first sentence (There are things to keep in mind when one wants to make a successful journalist).
Ss: (do the writing.)
【教学效果分析】
板书在这个过程中起到的主要作用有:第一,它帮助学生迅速回顾了课文要点,其次,它提供了学生补充重要细节的依据。学生能够根据板书,提炼关键词,归纳要点,为概要写作的输出做好了语言和内容的准备。另外,教师为学生概要写作提供的第一句,在不影响目标输出的前提下,能够快速地帮助学生搭建写作框架、组织写作要点,减少了写作负担,保证学生能够在课堂上完成初稿写作并留下时间完成二稿提升。
步骤五: 佳作赏析,二稿提升
Check list:
a. Are all the key points included?
b. Are all the points lined in a logic and natural way?
c. Are all the words correctly used?
d. Are all the sentences made with his own words?
【设计说明】
教师呈现自己撰写的范文,并组织师生互动赏析。由于学生可用于点评的语言匮乏,若是完全让学生点评,难度较大。因此,要求学生参考评价核查表进行互评和自评。核查表的使用,有助于学生更加关注要点表达的正确性、全面性和连贯性,明确二稿修改方向。
【教师范文】
(A sample writing)
There are things to keep in mind when one wants to make a successful journalist. Teamwork goes a long way where experience should be learned and assistance can be got from colleagues. Additionally, one should always bear it in mind that necessary skills as well as important dos and don’ts are of great importance like“never miss the deadline”. What is equally important is to avoid accusation with evidence collected from researches. (72 words)
【教学效果分析】
在互评上,由于评价核查表的使用,学生提出了可行的修改意见,在修改意见下,学生能够逐条修改自己的初稿,用词上更准确、丰富,造句上更准确、客观,成篇上更流畅、连贯。
教学反思
教材体裁多样化,并不是所有教材都能“拿来即用”,但是却可以通过教师的适当改编能够使得如对话体这样的阅读文本体裁,成为概要写作教学素材。反观本课设计,笔者认为,依据对话体文本的特点,既要做到阅读服务于概要写作,又要做到概要写作驱动阅读理解。
1. 深入解读文本,阅读服务于概要写作,读出概要写作所需元素
旨在培养学生概要写作能力的阅读活动设计,其教学目标应明确定位,即阅读为概要写作输出做铺垫。但是由于对话体的文本内容分散、要点不集中,因此,以问题为驱动,以细节为铺垫,通过关键词和主要内容,概括要点;由于对话体的文本涉及多方对话,条理不容易理清,文本脉络往往不够清晰,学生在课堂上要理清对话要点,需要大量的时间,因此,教师须搭建多样脚手架,划分段落、提供关键词、关键句等,便于学生集中注意力概括要点并组织语言成文。总而言之,基于对话体文本的读写课,须深入解读文本,通过划分段落、巧设问题、忽视无关细节等手段,针对文本特色,基于概要写作有目标地阅读,因“材”施教。
2. 巧设写作目标,概要写作驱动阅读理解,写出阅读理解所得结果
基于阅读的概要写作,写作是阅读的产出,因此,写作目标应与阅读目标息息相关。对话体文本的阅读目标,重在讀懂内容,涉及语言的理解,以及获取知识,涉及内容的概括以及说话人意图的推断等。因此,写作的目标应集中在使用阅读文本中的关键词,用自己的语言概括文本的主要内容。当然,写作仍须涉及框架、衔接等,但这些教学内容不将成为基于概要写作的阅读课的教学目标,因此,教师应该在这些方面提供合适的脚手架。总而言之,教师可以依据阅读文本,设置针对性目标,并在写作中呈现阅读成果,保证读写目标一致,突出课堂教学重心,保证课堂教学有效性。
参考文献
陈蕊娜. 2012. 概要写作过程策略个案调查研究[J]. 教育文化论坛, 4(5): 85-89
邓丽. 2009. 批判性阅读策略在英文概要写作中的应用[J].沈阳教育学院学报,10:48-49
教育部考试中心. 2015. 普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明(高考综合改革试验省份试用)[M].北京:高等教育出版社.