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摘 要 定语从句是英语学习的一个重要语法项目,也是历年高考在具体的语境中考查考生灵活运用知识能力的一个重点。为了帮助同学们更好地掌握这一语法项目,本文结合近几年的高考试题,对定语从句进行的分析和探讨。
关键词 先行词 名词性 比较辨析 句法分析
定语从句是历年来高考的一个重点考点。其考查点比较有规律,主要是以下几个方面:1.考查关系代词和关系副词的选用,特别是关系副词where(表模糊地点或状况)和when的判定。2. 考查“介词+关系代词”中介词的选择和关系代词的使用;3. 考查限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,以及as 与which在非限制性定语从句中的运用;4.考查定语从句与名词性从句以及强调句型的比较辨析。
根据以上的考试方向以及笔者的教学经验特将以下技巧描述如下:
1.找先行词。定语从句必须有先行词,先行词多数为一个名词或代词,也可以指代整个主句或主句中的部分内容。
【真题1】After graduating from college, I took some time off to go traveling, ______ turned out to be a wise decision. (2010四川卷) A. that B. which C. when D. where
选B,指代前面整个句子的意思。
2.分析句子成分。当遇到表示时间地点的先行词不知道该怎么选择时要分析句子成分。
【真题2】She climbed up to the top of the hill,_______ she could have a good view of the whole town. A. that B. from which C. from where D. which
选C, 理由先行词在句中的成分为地点状语且句意完整,容易误选成B,但是介词.应为on which.
【真题3】Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ______ life has developed gradually. (2010福建卷)
that B. where C. which D. whose
选B,先行词planet 在意义上充当定语从句的状语使用关系副词。
3.看句意。有些句子先行词不很明显,就要看句意来判断。
【真题4】He will never forget his stay there _____ he found his son who had gone missing two years before .A. when B. which C. where D. that
解析:很容易误选成C,理解成地点因为前面的there ;但根据句意,可知他将永远不会忘记呆在那儿的日子,那时他找到了他两年前失踪的儿子。因此选A。
4. as 与which在非限制性定语从句中的运用。
【真题5】Her sister, ______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.
A. whom B. that C. which D. who is
解析 非限制性定语从句中,关系代词用which,不用that, 但指人时用who或whom.故选A。
区别as 与which。
The number of the students in high schools is increasing, __as___ is mentioned above.
比较He says his father is famous, __which____ is a lie.
As位置较灵活且多为固定搭配,而 which则只能放在逗号后,代指前文提到的内容。
5. 定语从句与名词性从句以及强调句型的比较辨析。
a.与强调句型的辨析
【真题6】——Where did you get to know her?
——It was on the farm ________ we worked. (2007山东卷)
A. that B. there C. which D. where
解析:D。该题涉及到定语从句与强调句型的辨析,完整的句子为:It was on the farm ________ we worked ________ I got to know her. 第一空为定语从句。第二空为强调句型。where在从句中作worked地点状语,故选D。
【真题7】It was for this reason ________ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village. (2001上海春季卷)
A. which B. why C. that D. how
解析:C。该题为强调句型,而非定语从句,故选C。辨析的关键:强调句型可以通过还原法将其还原,本句还原后为:Her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village for this reason. 若将题干改为“Do you know the reason ________ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village?”,则为定语从句,应选why。
b.与名词性从句的辨析
名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,定语从句与这些从句都易混淆。
【真题8】________ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (2008福建卷)
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
解析:B。本题为主语从句,根据第二个is可知应使用what,而不是it。该题涉及主语从句与定语从句的辨析,若去掉is that,则为定语从句,用as。
【真题9】Animals suffered at the hands of Man ________ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people. (2008江西卷)
A. in which B. for which C. so that D. in that
解析:D。該题涉及介词后接宾语从句与“介词+which”引导定语从句的辨析,解题关键看前面的名词是否在从句中充当句子成分。本句主句中的animals或the hands或Man都不在从句中充当句子成分,故都不可能是先行词。其实,in that是一个固定搭配,意为“因为,由于,在……方面”。在这里in that起一个连词的作用,不是上面提到的两种中的任何一种情况,而是引导原因状语从句。
综上所看,掌握定语从句的关键在于分析句子成分,找先行词及判断句意。因此,掌握必备的句法知识很重要,在平时教学中应该有意识的进行句法分析训练,和复合句的练习,已达到熟能生巧的目的。
参考文献:
[1]《中学生英语(高中版)》2011年Z4
[2]中学生英语·高三版2011年第5期
[3]《高中生之友》2006年第03期
关键词 先行词 名词性 比较辨析 句法分析
定语从句是历年来高考的一个重点考点。其考查点比较有规律,主要是以下几个方面:1.考查关系代词和关系副词的选用,特别是关系副词where(表模糊地点或状况)和when的判定。2. 考查“介词+关系代词”中介词的选择和关系代词的使用;3. 考查限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,以及as 与which在非限制性定语从句中的运用;4.考查定语从句与名词性从句以及强调句型的比较辨析。
根据以上的考试方向以及笔者的教学经验特将以下技巧描述如下:
1.找先行词。定语从句必须有先行词,先行词多数为一个名词或代词,也可以指代整个主句或主句中的部分内容。
【真题1】After graduating from college, I took some time off to go traveling, ______ turned out to be a wise decision. (2010四川卷) A. that B. which C. when D. where
选B,指代前面整个句子的意思。
2.分析句子成分。当遇到表示时间地点的先行词不知道该怎么选择时要分析句子成分。
【真题2】She climbed up to the top of the hill,_______ she could have a good view of the whole town. A. that B. from which C. from where D. which
选C, 理由先行词在句中的成分为地点状语且句意完整,容易误选成B,但是介词.应为on which.
【真题3】Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ______ life has developed gradually. (2010福建卷)
that B. where C. which D. whose
选B,先行词planet 在意义上充当定语从句的状语使用关系副词。
3.看句意。有些句子先行词不很明显,就要看句意来判断。
【真题4】He will never forget his stay there _____ he found his son who had gone missing two years before .A. when B. which C. where D. that
解析:很容易误选成C,理解成地点因为前面的there ;但根据句意,可知他将永远不会忘记呆在那儿的日子,那时他找到了他两年前失踪的儿子。因此选A。
4. as 与which在非限制性定语从句中的运用。
【真题5】Her sister, ______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.
A. whom B. that C. which D. who is
解析 非限制性定语从句中,关系代词用which,不用that, 但指人时用who或whom.故选A。
区别as 与which。
The number of the students in high schools is increasing, __as___ is mentioned above.
比较He says his father is famous, __which____ is a lie.
As位置较灵活且多为固定搭配,而 which则只能放在逗号后,代指前文提到的内容。
5. 定语从句与名词性从句以及强调句型的比较辨析。
a.与强调句型的辨析
【真题6】——Where did you get to know her?
——It was on the farm ________ we worked. (2007山东卷)
A. that B. there C. which D. where
解析:D。该题涉及到定语从句与强调句型的辨析,完整的句子为:It was on the farm ________ we worked ________ I got to know her. 第一空为定语从句。第二空为强调句型。where在从句中作worked地点状语,故选D。
【真题7】It was for this reason ________ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village. (2001上海春季卷)
A. which B. why C. that D. how
解析:C。该题为强调句型,而非定语从句,故选C。辨析的关键:强调句型可以通过还原法将其还原,本句还原后为:Her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village for this reason. 若将题干改为“Do you know the reason ________ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village?”,则为定语从句,应选why。
b.与名词性从句的辨析
名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,定语从句与这些从句都易混淆。
【真题8】________ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (2008福建卷)
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
解析:B。本题为主语从句,根据第二个is可知应使用what,而不是it。该题涉及主语从句与定语从句的辨析,若去掉is that,则为定语从句,用as。
【真题9】Animals suffered at the hands of Man ________ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people. (2008江西卷)
A. in which B. for which C. so that D. in that
解析:D。該题涉及介词后接宾语从句与“介词+which”引导定语从句的辨析,解题关键看前面的名词是否在从句中充当句子成分。本句主句中的animals或the hands或Man都不在从句中充当句子成分,故都不可能是先行词。其实,in that是一个固定搭配,意为“因为,由于,在……方面”。在这里in that起一个连词的作用,不是上面提到的两种中的任何一种情况,而是引导原因状语从句。
综上所看,掌握定语从句的关键在于分析句子成分,找先行词及判断句意。因此,掌握必备的句法知识很重要,在平时教学中应该有意识的进行句法分析训练,和复合句的练习,已达到熟能生巧的目的。
参考文献:
[1]《中学生英语(高中版)》2011年Z4
[2]中学生英语·高三版2011年第5期
[3]《高中生之友》2006年第03期