自１８世纪产业革命以来 ,手工业作坊向工厂生产的方向发展 ,出现了制造业。随之而来 ,所有企业几乎无一例外地追求着基本相似的营运目标 ,即实现企业资源(包括资金、设备、原料、人力等 )的合理有效利用 ,以期企业利润最大化。这一基本目标的追求使制造业的管理者面临一系列的 Since the industrial revolution in the 18th century, handicraft workshops have been moving toward factory production and manufacturing has emerged. As a result, almost all enterprises, almost invariably, pursue the similar operation goal of realizing the rational and effective utilization of enterprise resources (including capital, equipment, raw materials, manpower, etc.) so as to maximize their profits. The pursuit of this basic goal puts manufacturing managers in a series