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【摘 要】 倒装是高中英语重点语法之一，笼统地可分为部分倒装和全部倒装两种。
【关键词】 倒装；全部倒装；部分倒装
在英语中，有时为了强调句子某一部分，或适应一定的语法结构的需要，把谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面，就构成倒装。我们平时遇到的句子基本都是自然语序，如：主语 + 谓语；主语 + 谓语 + 宾语；主语 + 系动词 + 表语。
采用倒装的目的有两点：
1. 语法结构的需要：疑问句、there be 结构等通常要用倒装句。
There is a pen and three pencils in the box
What are you doing here？
2.修辞的需要：倒装句可以起强调作用，加强语气。
Away went the football fans.
而根据倒装的构成，可将其分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
一、全部倒装（Full Inversion）
全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1.以here， there， out， in， up， down， off， away等方位副词和now， then，thus等副词置于句首以示强调，句子要全部倒装，谓语动词常用come， go， be， lie， run， rush等。
Here comes the bus Down fall the leaves
There goes the bell Away went the boy
Attention：当主语是人称代词时，主谓不倒装。E.g.：
Away he went Out they rushed
Here it is Here you are
2. 当表示地点的介词短语在句首时。
At the foot of the hill lies a small village.
By the side of the road is our school.
At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River______， one of the ten largest cities in China. （2010年重庆卷，33）
A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies
C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie
3.直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常用全部倒装。
“Perfect，” said the teacher.
“Get out，” shouted the manager.
二、部分倒装（Partial Inversion）
就是谓语的一部分， be/助动词/情态动词提到主语的前面，如is / am / are / was / were，do / does / did / have/ has / had，can / could / would / may / will / might 等。
1. only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时， 要进行部分倒装，e.g.：
Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
Only in this way can you learn English well.
Only when I got home did I hear of the news.
Attention： only修饰主语或only+状语放在句末时，仍用自然语序，而不用倒装。e.g.
Only Li Hua knows the secret.
You can learn English well only in this way.
Only then ____ how much damage had been caused.（2006 陕西，16）
A.had she realized B. she realized
C. did she realize D. she had realized
2. 表示否定的副词never ， not， seldom， hardly， little， nowhere等以及介词短语by no means， in no way， in no case， at no time， on no account， ， on no condition， under no circumstances（这七个短语均表示“无论如何都不，绝不”，其后不能再出现否定词）等位于句首时。
I’ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means _____ with my progress. （2006年重庆卷，24）
A.the teacher is not satisfied
B. is the teacher not satisfied
C.the teacher is satisfied
D. is the teacher satisfied
3. not until+时间状语（从句）位于句首时，主句用部分倒装。
He didn’t finish his homework until his mother came back. →Not until his mother came back did he finish his homework.
→It was not until his mother came back that he finished his homework.
4.在 hardly / scarcely /…when…； no sooner…than 的倒装句中，前倒后不倒。
hardly / scarecly / no sooner后句子的谓语用had done， when / than后句子的谓语用一般过去时，结构为：Hardly/Scarcely had sb done sth when sb did sth； No sooner had had sb done sth than sb did sth.
（1） Hardly had I fallen asleep when he came in.
（2） No sooner had I reached the station than the train moved.
5. 以关联连词not only...but also…开首的句子前倒后不倒。
Not only did he say so， but （also） he did so.
Attention ：当连接主语时不倒装，谓语动词依据就近一致原则。
Not only he but also his parents like reading.
三、其他特殊的倒装结构
1. 祝愿语
May you succeed！
Long live the People’s Republic of China！
2. However / No matter how + adj / adv.
However difficult the question was， Jack answered it easily.
3. as/ though （虽然，尽管）引导的让步状语从句，其结构为：名词/形容词/副词/动词原形+as/though+主语+其他。
Although I was tired， I decided to walk on.
→Tired as I was， I decided to walk on.
Though he is a child， he knows a lot.
→Child as he is， he knows a lot.
Although I may fail， I have to work hard.
→Fail as I may， I have to work hard.
Even though he shouted angrily， I didn’t care.
→Angrily as he shouted， I didn’t care.
Attention：从句的表语是名词时，名词前不加任何冠词； though后面的让步状语从句可倒可不倒。
_______， his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. [2007 重庆]
A. Strange as might it sound B. As it might sound strange
C. As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound
简要总结：1.全部倒装主要用在以方位副词或地点状语开头的句子中，而部分倒装主要用在否定副词和以下句型中，So / Such…that…；Not only…but also…； Hardly / Scarcely …when…； No sooner…than…（以上句型中前倒后不倒），Not until+状语；Only+状语（而这两个句型中前不倒后倒）。
2. 主语为人称代词时不倒装是针对全部倒装而言的。
3. as引导的让步状语从句和其他的特殊结构既不属于全部倒装，也不属于部分倒装。
（作者单位：甘肃省广河县广河中学）
【关键词】 倒装；全部倒装；部分倒装
在英语中，有时为了强调句子某一部分，或适应一定的语法结构的需要，把谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面，就构成倒装。我们平时遇到的句子基本都是自然语序，如：主语 + 谓语；主语 + 谓语 + 宾语；主语 + 系动词 + 表语。
采用倒装的目的有两点：
1. 语法结构的需要：疑问句、there be 结构等通常要用倒装句。
There is a pen and three pencils in the box
What are you doing here？
2.修辞的需要：倒装句可以起强调作用，加强语气。
Away went the football fans.
而根据倒装的构成，可将其分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
一、全部倒装（Full Inversion）
全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1.以here， there， out， in， up， down， off， away等方位副词和now， then，thus等副词置于句首以示强调，句子要全部倒装，谓语动词常用come， go， be， lie， run， rush等。
Here comes the bus Down fall the leaves
There goes the bell Away went the boy
Attention：当主语是人称代词时，主谓不倒装。E.g.：
Away he went Out they rushed
Here it is Here you are
2. 当表示地点的介词短语在句首时。
At the foot of the hill lies a small village.
By the side of the road is our school.
At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River______， one of the ten largest cities in China. （2010年重庆卷，33）
A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies
C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie
3.直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常用全部倒装。
“Perfect，” said the teacher.
“Get out，” shouted the manager.
二、部分倒装（Partial Inversion）
就是谓语的一部分， be/助动词/情态动词提到主语的前面，如is / am / are / was / were，do / does / did / have/ has / had，can / could / would / may / will / might 等。
1. only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时， 要进行部分倒装，e.g.：
Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
Only in this way can you learn English well.
Only when I got home did I hear of the news.
Attention： only修饰主语或only+状语放在句末时，仍用自然语序，而不用倒装。e.g.
Only Li Hua knows the secret.
You can learn English well only in this way.
Only then ____ how much damage had been caused.（2006 陕西，16）
A.had she realized B. she realized
C. did she realize D. she had realized
2. 表示否定的副词never ， not， seldom， hardly， little， nowhere等以及介词短语by no means， in no way， in no case， at no time， on no account， ， on no condition， under no circumstances（这七个短语均表示“无论如何都不，绝不”，其后不能再出现否定词）等位于句首时。
I’ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means _____ with my progress. （2006年重庆卷，24）
A.the teacher is not satisfied
B. is the teacher not satisfied
C.the teacher is satisfied
D. is the teacher satisfied
3. not until+时间状语（从句）位于句首时，主句用部分倒装。
He didn’t finish his homework until his mother came back. →Not until his mother came back did he finish his homework.
→It was not until his mother came back that he finished his homework.
4.在 hardly / scarcely /…when…； no sooner…than 的倒装句中，前倒后不倒。
hardly / scarecly / no sooner后句子的谓语用had done， when / than后句子的谓语用一般过去时，结构为：Hardly/Scarcely had sb done sth when sb did sth； No sooner had had sb done sth than sb did sth.
（1） Hardly had I fallen asleep when he came in.
（2） No sooner had I reached the station than the train moved.
5. 以关联连词not only...but also…开首的句子前倒后不倒。
Not only did he say so， but （also） he did so.
Attention ：当连接主语时不倒装，谓语动词依据就近一致原则。
Not only he but also his parents like reading.
三、其他特殊的倒装结构
1. 祝愿语
May you succeed！
Long live the People’s Republic of China！
2. However / No matter how + adj / adv.
However difficult the question was， Jack answered it easily.
3. as/ though （虽然，尽管）引导的让步状语从句，其结构为：名词/形容词/副词/动词原形+as/though+主语+其他。
Although I was tired， I decided to walk on.
→Tired as I was， I decided to walk on.
Though he is a child， he knows a lot.
→Child as he is， he knows a lot.
Although I may fail， I have to work hard.
→Fail as I may， I have to work hard.
Even though he shouted angrily， I didn’t care.
→Angrily as he shouted， I didn’t care.
Attention：从句的表语是名词时，名词前不加任何冠词； though后面的让步状语从句可倒可不倒。
_______， his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. [2007 重庆]
A. Strange as might it sound B. As it might sound strange
C. As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound
简要总结：1.全部倒装主要用在以方位副词或地点状语开头的句子中，而部分倒装主要用在否定副词和以下句型中，So / Such…that…；Not only…but also…； Hardly / Scarcely …when…； No sooner…than…（以上句型中前倒后不倒），Not until+状语；Only+状语（而这两个句型中前不倒后倒）。
2. 主语为人称代词时不倒装是针对全部倒装而言的。
3. as引导的让步状语从句和其他的特殊结构既不属于全部倒装，也不属于部分倒装。
（作者单位：甘肃省广河县广河中学）