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As one of the most outstanding geologists of uranium ore in the world, half a century ago, he invented the latest uranium mining technology, which guaranteed the breakthrough of nuclear power source development in the Soviet Union in 1960s during the Cold War. As a courageous and resolute man, he was the first to explore oil in Western Siberia and broke the prediction of no oil storage in this place. He unveiled the absurd pseudoscience and turned around the plan to construct an oil pipeline in Lake Baikal. He was a champion in Moscow wrestling competition. He celebrated his 80-year-old birthday in the special way of skiing on the mountain with his four-generation family members…He is Nikolay Pavlovich Laverov, a well-known scientist and politician. He was Vice Director of Russian Academy of Science, and now is Chairman of Interdepartmental Commission on Environmental Security, Security Council of Russia Federation.
Mr. Laverov was born in 1930. Three months later comes his 84th birthday. Although he is old, he is in good health and never gives up his lifetime career on geological and mineral study, nuclear energy and military industry. In 1987-1989, he was appointed president of Academy of Sciences of Kyrghyzstan; in 1989-1991, he was appointed Deputy Chairman and Vice Prime Minister of USSR Council of Ministers and Chairman of State Committee on Science and Technology; in 1988-2013, he was appointed successively Vice Director of Russian Academy of Science, President of the Earth Science Department, Chairman of Interdepartmental Commission on Environmental Security, RF Security Council, Chairman of Russian North Pole Research Committee and Chairman of National Committee of Geologists of Russian Federation. All his life, he makes efforts in the front of political and academic fields. Nowadays, the senior scholar focuses on a new field—ecological safety. The reporter had the great honor to walk into Mr. Laverov’s world and listen to his interpretation of ecological safety.
How to understand ecology
In order to give the reporter a vivid explanation of “how to understand ecology”, Mr. Laverov’s answer was beyond the former academic concept. He said, “In Greek, ‘ecology’ is translated as ‘house and science’ and ‘the science of ecology’ is the science about home. From the perspective of biology, the science of home was originally the study of birds’ nests. Therefore, we can say that the study of ecology can date back to the study of birds’ nests.” In Mr. Laverov’s opinion, each science has its root, like a seed, developing and growing gradually. The study of ecology developed gradually from that of birds’ nests to human beings and their homeland and environment. “However, no matter the study of birds’ nests or homeland, researchers realize that it is connected with the species as well as all related factors. Besides, researchers agreed gradually that the science of ecology in fact contains many disciplines. Some research fields of physics such as earthquake and tsunami in the natural world have effects on homeland, so they also belong to the research fields of ecology. All in all, there is no discipline that can contain almost all fields other than ecology. In my opinion, ecology is the science of all sciences.”
Code on ecology restricts malicious acts
In Mr. Laverov’s study, human beings as the important elements of ecosystem play a significant role as to whether ecology can maintain safety. Through years’ study and testification, Mr. Laverov proposed behavior requirement to the mankind. “In ecosystem, human beings have both the positive and negative transformation on nature. But in reality, people often tend to transform the nature for their own benefits and neglect their malicious acts such as artificial disafforestation and killing animals, which have led to serious results of low forest coverage rate, water and soil loss and species extinction. In respect of this, each country should make strict constitution. So far, Russia has done a good job in this respect.”
Some data show that as early as in 1977, the Soviet Union government put the concepts of environmental protection and ecological safety into the constitution. Up to now, Russian citizens’ ecological safety rights are the concerns of Russian constitution as the important part of human rights.
According to related laws, each Russian citizen is obliged to protect natural environment and cherish natural resources as the basis of existence and development of all nations in Russia. In 2002, Environmental Protection Act issued by Russia became the fundamental law to formulate environmental policies, guarantee the harmonious development of social economy, preserve the diversity of ecology and resources and guarantee the country’s ecological safety. Meanwhile, considering the rising trend of cases of breaking the environmental laws, in December, 2005, the Russian government modified the Administration Code, increased the intensity of administrative punishment and the fine for those broke the environmental laws and stipulated explicitly the administrative responsibility of those who still failed to pay the fine after the deadline. “Russia has a special ecological code on ecological safety and the classification is in great detail. For example, the size of the mesh of fishing net has related laws.” Speaking of ecological legislation in Russia, Mr. Laverov showed his effusive pride. In fact, in 1989-1991 he, as Deputy Chairman and Vice Prime Minister of USSR Council of Ministers, facilitated and perfected many laws, especially in the fields of ecological protection and energy. In his opinion, the purposes of laws were to enable people with deep understanding to participate in the formulation and enable the masses to understand. “So politicians should also have the expertise and supervise and enforce laws after the legislation so as to evaluate the feasibility of laws.”
No sufficient evidence for global warming
Provided that ecological safety is the biggest challenge human beings face now, among the many problems related with ecological safety, climate change should have the highest attention and widest influence. In respect of the worldwide theory of “climate warming”, Mr. Laverov gave a surprising answer. “Climate warming does exist regionally, but not globally.” Seeing the reporter’s doubts, Mr. Laverov added, “If we want to analyze the whole process of climate change, earth rotation, continental drift, atmosphere movement, ocean current and other factors should all be considered. Just relying on the only meteorological station that records the temperature of the earth, we can’t actually describe whether climate is becoming warm or cold, which regions are becoming warm, which regions are becoming cold and what the extent of both is. If we want to measure it accurately, we need at least 1 million observation stations set up in all regions around the world to get the strong evidence.” As Mr. Laverov suggested, the more formal expression should be “climate change”, rather than “climate warming” and “because climate change can’t be limited in a definite time, it can’t be defined casually.”
Seek clean energies actively
Although Mr. Laverov doesn’t totally agree to global warming, he is worried about the serious problems of climate changes and air pollution. With the burning of all kinds of fossil fuels in human life, the density of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and dust increase gradually and it endangers the survival of mankind. As to fossil fuel, Mr. Laverov praises highly clean energies. “In modern society, in addition to coal, oil, natural gas, water power resources, there are many other energies available, like wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy. Nevertheless, some energies can’t be easily applied in large scales of industrial production in near future. Comparatively speaking, nuclear energy is the most economic, safe and clean energy at the moment.” Mr. Laverov told the reported that most nuclear power plants in Russia were built more than 20 years ago. According to over 20 years’ experience, the generating cost of nuclear power is far lower than that of coal power and the energy it supplies is also much cheaper. Moreover, the working environment of nuclear power plants is much cleaner where no sulfur oxide, nitric oxide or carbon dioxide is released as in power plants like the ones using coal. Mr. Laverov added, “Of course, if a nuclear power plant explodes, it will bring serious consequences of economy and ecology. Therefore, it is our primary work in the future to improve the utilization rate of nuclear fuel and deal with nuclear waste safely.”
Maybe just because of the uncertain factors of nuclear safety, some countries are considering whether to abandon the use of nuclear. When they are in hesitation, the earthquake in Japan in 2011 ignited the global panic of nucleus. Ministry of Environment of Germany made the choice to close all the nuclear power plants inside the country by 2022 due to the influence. Mr. Laverov didn’t give much evaluation of Germany’s decision. He said this choice could be accepted before no sufficient evidence could prove the safety of nuclear power.
“Germany has laid great emphasis on garbage disposal for a long time. The utilization rate of waste is more than that of nuclear energy. Thus, Germany does not have the trouble of burning fossil fuels. They have the most advanced technology of garbage disposal, which can generate power as well as supply heat. According to the existing scientific and technological level of garbage disposal, the heat generated by 3 ton of garbage is equal to that generated by 1 ton of coal.” Mr. Laverov spoke highly of this clean technology and suggested other countries to take it for reference. He said, “There is 100 billion ton of garbage in Russia. In China, the garbage won’t be less than the number. Therefore, if we can make use of the technology of garbage disposal in Germany, it is beneficial to both energy utilization and environmental protection.”
Mr. Laverov was born in 1930. Three months later comes his 84th birthday. Although he is old, he is in good health and never gives up his lifetime career on geological and mineral study, nuclear energy and military industry. In 1987-1989, he was appointed president of Academy of Sciences of Kyrghyzstan; in 1989-1991, he was appointed Deputy Chairman and Vice Prime Minister of USSR Council of Ministers and Chairman of State Committee on Science and Technology; in 1988-2013, he was appointed successively Vice Director of Russian Academy of Science, President of the Earth Science Department, Chairman of Interdepartmental Commission on Environmental Security, RF Security Council, Chairman of Russian North Pole Research Committee and Chairman of National Committee of Geologists of Russian Federation. All his life, he makes efforts in the front of political and academic fields. Nowadays, the senior scholar focuses on a new field—ecological safety. The reporter had the great honor to walk into Mr. Laverov’s world and listen to his interpretation of ecological safety.
How to understand ecology
In order to give the reporter a vivid explanation of “how to understand ecology”, Mr. Laverov’s answer was beyond the former academic concept. He said, “In Greek, ‘ecology’ is translated as ‘house and science’ and ‘the science of ecology’ is the science about home. From the perspective of biology, the science of home was originally the study of birds’ nests. Therefore, we can say that the study of ecology can date back to the study of birds’ nests.” In Mr. Laverov’s opinion, each science has its root, like a seed, developing and growing gradually. The study of ecology developed gradually from that of birds’ nests to human beings and their homeland and environment. “However, no matter the study of birds’ nests or homeland, researchers realize that it is connected with the species as well as all related factors. Besides, researchers agreed gradually that the science of ecology in fact contains many disciplines. Some research fields of physics such as earthquake and tsunami in the natural world have effects on homeland, so they also belong to the research fields of ecology. All in all, there is no discipline that can contain almost all fields other than ecology. In my opinion, ecology is the science of all sciences.”
Code on ecology restricts malicious acts
In Mr. Laverov’s study, human beings as the important elements of ecosystem play a significant role as to whether ecology can maintain safety. Through years’ study and testification, Mr. Laverov proposed behavior requirement to the mankind. “In ecosystem, human beings have both the positive and negative transformation on nature. But in reality, people often tend to transform the nature for their own benefits and neglect their malicious acts such as artificial disafforestation and killing animals, which have led to serious results of low forest coverage rate, water and soil loss and species extinction. In respect of this, each country should make strict constitution. So far, Russia has done a good job in this respect.”
Some data show that as early as in 1977, the Soviet Union government put the concepts of environmental protection and ecological safety into the constitution. Up to now, Russian citizens’ ecological safety rights are the concerns of Russian constitution as the important part of human rights.
According to related laws, each Russian citizen is obliged to protect natural environment and cherish natural resources as the basis of existence and development of all nations in Russia. In 2002, Environmental Protection Act issued by Russia became the fundamental law to formulate environmental policies, guarantee the harmonious development of social economy, preserve the diversity of ecology and resources and guarantee the country’s ecological safety. Meanwhile, considering the rising trend of cases of breaking the environmental laws, in December, 2005, the Russian government modified the Administration Code, increased the intensity of administrative punishment and the fine for those broke the environmental laws and stipulated explicitly the administrative responsibility of those who still failed to pay the fine after the deadline. “Russia has a special ecological code on ecological safety and the classification is in great detail. For example, the size of the mesh of fishing net has related laws.” Speaking of ecological legislation in Russia, Mr. Laverov showed his effusive pride. In fact, in 1989-1991 he, as Deputy Chairman and Vice Prime Minister of USSR Council of Ministers, facilitated and perfected many laws, especially in the fields of ecological protection and energy. In his opinion, the purposes of laws were to enable people with deep understanding to participate in the formulation and enable the masses to understand. “So politicians should also have the expertise and supervise and enforce laws after the legislation so as to evaluate the feasibility of laws.”
No sufficient evidence for global warming
Provided that ecological safety is the biggest challenge human beings face now, among the many problems related with ecological safety, climate change should have the highest attention and widest influence. In respect of the worldwide theory of “climate warming”, Mr. Laverov gave a surprising answer. “Climate warming does exist regionally, but not globally.” Seeing the reporter’s doubts, Mr. Laverov added, “If we want to analyze the whole process of climate change, earth rotation, continental drift, atmosphere movement, ocean current and other factors should all be considered. Just relying on the only meteorological station that records the temperature of the earth, we can’t actually describe whether climate is becoming warm or cold, which regions are becoming warm, which regions are becoming cold and what the extent of both is. If we want to measure it accurately, we need at least 1 million observation stations set up in all regions around the world to get the strong evidence.” As Mr. Laverov suggested, the more formal expression should be “climate change”, rather than “climate warming” and “because climate change can’t be limited in a definite time, it can’t be defined casually.”
Seek clean energies actively
Although Mr. Laverov doesn’t totally agree to global warming, he is worried about the serious problems of climate changes and air pollution. With the burning of all kinds of fossil fuels in human life, the density of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and dust increase gradually and it endangers the survival of mankind. As to fossil fuel, Mr. Laverov praises highly clean energies. “In modern society, in addition to coal, oil, natural gas, water power resources, there are many other energies available, like wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy. Nevertheless, some energies can’t be easily applied in large scales of industrial production in near future. Comparatively speaking, nuclear energy is the most economic, safe and clean energy at the moment.” Mr. Laverov told the reported that most nuclear power plants in Russia were built more than 20 years ago. According to over 20 years’ experience, the generating cost of nuclear power is far lower than that of coal power and the energy it supplies is also much cheaper. Moreover, the working environment of nuclear power plants is much cleaner where no sulfur oxide, nitric oxide or carbon dioxide is released as in power plants like the ones using coal. Mr. Laverov added, “Of course, if a nuclear power plant explodes, it will bring serious consequences of economy and ecology. Therefore, it is our primary work in the future to improve the utilization rate of nuclear fuel and deal with nuclear waste safely.”
Maybe just because of the uncertain factors of nuclear safety, some countries are considering whether to abandon the use of nuclear. When they are in hesitation, the earthquake in Japan in 2011 ignited the global panic of nucleus. Ministry of Environment of Germany made the choice to close all the nuclear power plants inside the country by 2022 due to the influence. Mr. Laverov didn’t give much evaluation of Germany’s decision. He said this choice could be accepted before no sufficient evidence could prove the safety of nuclear power.
“Germany has laid great emphasis on garbage disposal for a long time. The utilization rate of waste is more than that of nuclear energy. Thus, Germany does not have the trouble of burning fossil fuels. They have the most advanced technology of garbage disposal, which can generate power as well as supply heat. According to the existing scientific and technological level of garbage disposal, the heat generated by 3 ton of garbage is equal to that generated by 1 ton of coal.” Mr. Laverov spoke highly of this clean technology and suggested other countries to take it for reference. He said, “There is 100 billion ton of garbage in Russia. In China, the garbage won’t be less than the number. Therefore, if we can make use of the technology of garbage disposal in Germany, it is beneficial to both energy utilization and environmental protection.”