一明末清初,是中国社会大动荡的时代。自万历末年以来,明王朝在政治上日益腐败,宦官专权,大臣昏庸无能,对老百姓变本加厉的压榨剥削,激化了阶级矛盾,导致波澜壮阔的农民起义,最终覆灭了朱明王朝。不幸的是以李自成为代表的农民起义军,未能巩固已经取得的政权,被关外满族统治者与吴三桂等合流,乘机掠夺了胜利果实,在中原建立起清王朝,把广大人民重新置於残酷压迫统治之下。在这种形势下,当时知识分子的出路只有两条:一是投靠依附新的统治者,充当顺民,以保住往昔的利益;一是消极抵抗,采取不合作的态度,或浪迹江湖,或遁入空门。另外少数人则打起抗清扶明的旗帜,纠集残余武装力量,与清军相周旋。但终因清军势力过於强大,被陆续消灭干净,只有占据孤岛的郑成功和辗转西南边陲的永历政权撑持了较长时间,而最终还是未能光复旧国。 In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, it was an era of great social turmoil in China. Since the last years of Wanli, the Ming dynasty has become increasingly corrupt in politics. Eunuchs’ special powers and the incompetence of the eunuchs and the squeeze and exploitation of the ordinary people intensified the class contradictions, resulting in the magnificent peasant uprising and the ultimate destruction of the Zhuming dynasty. Unfortunately, the peasant rebel army represented by Li Zicheng failed to consolidate the political power that has been obtained and was confused by Wu San-ki and others by the Guan Manchu rulers, took advantage of the opportunity to plunder the fruits of victory, set up the Qing dynasty in the Central Plains and put the broad masses of people back on cruelty Under pressure. In this situation, there were only two ways out for the intellectuals at that time. First, they relied on new rulers to act as obedient citizens in order to keep their former interests. First, they adopted passive resistance, adopted an uncooperative attitude, Into the empty door. In addition, a few people hit the banner of anti-Qingming and mobilized the remaining armed forces to deal with the Qing troops. However, as a result of the over-strength of the Qing forces, they were gradually eliminated and eliminated. Only Zheng Chenggong, an isolated island, and the Yongli regime with the southwestern border surrendered for a long time, eventually failed to recover the old country.