土壤生物是土壤圈的核心组分,对土壤的矿质营养循环起推动作用。土壤中食物资源的质量状况影响着各生物类群的数量动态和分布,归根结底是由田间管理措施改变了土壤的结构、营养和生物条件引起的。反过来,生物类群的结构和数量变动以及分布特点又可以反映土壤的状况及可持续性。本文逐次对土壤微生物、原生动物、线虫及小型节肢动物的生态学研究作了概述,并分析比较了各生物类群在土壤生态系统中的功能作用。 Soil biology is the core component of the soil circle and plays a catalytic role in the cycling of mineral nutrients in the soil. The quality of food resources in the soil affects the dynamics and distribution of the numbers of the various taxa, which in the final analysis is caused by changes in the soil’s structure, nutrition and biological conditions by field management practices. In turn, changes in the structure and abundance of the taxon and their distribution can in turn reflect the status and sustainability of the soil. In this paper, the ecological researches on soil microorganisms, protozoa, nematodes and arthropod were summarized, and the function of each group in soil ecosystem was analyzed and compared.