论文部分内容阅读
动词的用法是最难和最灵活的项目， 也是每年高考的重头戏。许多老师和正在迎接2007年高考的同学都在关注着语言点的考查，为此，我们拟就06年全国各地试卷中语言点考查的一个侧面：动词考查情况，进行数据统计和细化分析。
语言学习中对动词的掌握和运用，决定了以动词为中心的语言点考查范围。2006年在全国各省市的高考英语试题单项选择题和完形填空中，动词依然是考查热点，试归纳汇总在下表：
从上表看出，今年全国各地英语试卷中，在语言和词汇运用一题中，以动词为中心的语言点来说，主要在动词词义或动词短语的区别考查尤为密集。在此，我们把各地试卷单项选择题中在这个方面的考查再细化分析：
一、 动词词义以及短语的区别各地考查情况
1.(全国卷I）22. We ______________ the last bus and didn’t have any money for taxi, so we had to
walk home.
A. reachedB. lost C. missed D. caught
2. (全国卷I）27. Mike didn’t play football yesterday because he had______________his leg.
A. damagedB. hurt C. hit D. struck
3. (全国卷2)15. Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself, but her parents did not______________her to do so.
A. forbid B. allow C. follow D. ask
4. (上海春)43.Sean’s strong love for his country is______________in his recently published poems.
A. relieved B. reflected C. responded D. recovered
5.(天津卷)6. We want to rent a bus which can______________ 40 people for our trip to Beijing.
A. load B. hold C. fill D. support
6. (天津卷)8. Most of us know we should cut down on fat, but knowing such things isn’t much help when it____________________________ shopping and eating.
A. refers toB. speaks of C. focuses onD. comes to
7. (天津卷)10. Don’t respond to any e-mails______________ personal information, no matter how official they look.
A. searching B. askingC. requesting D. questioning
8.(重慶卷)28.——How are you managing to do your work without an assistant?
——Well，I______________ somehow.
A. get along B. come onC. watch out D. set off
9. (辽宁卷)22.The computer system______________ suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet.
A. broke down B. broke outC. broke up D. broke in
10. (四川卷)25.——The boss said we had only three days to finish the work.
——Don’t worry. We have already______________ two thirds of it.
A. got downB. got through C. given in D. given away
11.(江西卷)34．For all these years I have been working for others．I’m hoping I’ll______________ my own business someday.
A. turn upB．fix upC. set upD．make up
12. (陕西卷)14.With no one to______________ in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless.
A. turn to B. turn onC. turn offD. turn over
13.(福建卷)28.She______________Japanese when she was in Japan. Now she can speak it freely.
A. picked outB. made outC. made upD. picked up
14. (湖北卷)22. One of the best ways for people to keep fit is to______________healthy eating habits.
A. grow B developC. increase D. raise
15.(湖北卷)25.It’s already 10 o’clock I wonder how it______________ that she was two hours late on such a short trip.
A. came over B. came out C: came aboutD. came up
16. (湖北卷)26. The building around the corner caught fire last night. The police are now______________ the matter.
A. seeing through B. working out
C. looking into D. watching over
17. (湖北卷)27. As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village______________ scenes of my childhood.
A. called upB. called forC. called on D. called in
18. (湖北卷)28. Although the wind has______________ , the rain remains steady, so you still need a raincoat.
A. turned up B. gone back C. died downD. blown out
19. (廣东卷)24. The traffic lights______________ green and I pulled away.
A. cameB. grewC. gotD. went
20. (广东卷)25. I was still sleeping when the fire______________, and then it spread quickly.
A. broke outB. put out C. came out D. got out
21. (浙江卷)8. We’re trying to ring you back, Bryan, but we think we______________ your number incorrectly.
A. looked up B. took down C. worked outD. brought about
22. (浙江卷)20. ——What should I do first?
——The instructions______________that you should mix flour with water carefully first.
A. goB. tellC. writeD. say
23. (安徽省)24．It was already past midnight and only three young men______________in the teahouse．
A．leftB．remainedC．delayedD．deserted
24. (安徽省)33．——Four dollars a pair? I think it’s a bit too much．
——If you buy three pairs, the price for each will______________to three fifty．
A．come downB．take down C．turn over D．go over
25. (山东卷)25. Someone who lacks staying power and perseverance is unlikely to______________a good researcher.
A. makeB. turnC. getD. grow
26. (山东卷)34. After he retired from office, Rogers______________painting for a while, but soon lost interest.
A. took upB. saved upC. kept upD. drew up
（Key：1-10 CBBBB DCAAB 11-20 CADBC CACDA 21-26 BDBAAA）
在动词词义区别方面，今年普遍出现对一些较为常用的动词之间的区别进行考查，这和前几年有相同之处。试题构成上来说，在全国高考试卷中，往往采用一些常用但区别又很微妙的动词来考查学生对语言的敏感程度和准确理解。比如：全国卷I第22题，就要求对几个常用到的动词：reach, miss, lose及catch在具体语境灵活区别，同样，在该套试题中第27题，要求考生对几个表示“破坏”意思的词区别：damage, hurt, hit及 strike。全国卷II第15题，要求区别forbid, allow, follow及ask几个词。天津卷第6题，要求对load, hold, fill及support进行区别。广东卷第24题，要求考生对come，grow, go及get等常用词在一个特定语言环境中的恰当运用。 山东卷第25题，也有类似的词义区别：make , turn, grow及get等。浙江卷第20题，要求对go, tell, write及say等词在具体语言环境中的恰当运用。 湖北卷第22题，要求对grow, develop, increase及raise等词进行细微区别。安徽卷则要求学生对leave, remain, delay及desert 在具体语境中进行合理运用。
在动词短语方面，今年在全国各地高考试卷中出现的短语累计共有14道题目，这些短语分布在：福建卷第28题，对pick out, make out ,pick up及make up区别。重庆卷第28题，对get along, come on, watch out及set off在具体语境中的合理运用。江西卷第34题，要求就turn up, make up ,fix up, set up 四短语进行细微区别。陕西卷第14题，要求对turn构成的短语：turn to, turn on , turn off, turn over 进行精确运用。天津卷第8题，要求就refer to, speak of, focuse on 及come to 进行恰当运用。广东卷第25题，对break out, get out, put out , come out 细微区别。 山东卷第34题，对take up, save up, keep up, draw up 进行区别。浙江卷第8题，要求对look up, take down, work out及bring out在具体语境中合理运用。可以说，在湖北卷中，今年就短语的考查相当频繁，共在四道试题中考查了， 分别为：第25、26、27和28题中出现。第25题要求区别come构成的固定短语：come up, come out, come about, come over；第26题要求区别see through, work out, look into, watch over；第27题要求区别call on, call up, call for, call in；第27题要求区别turn up, go back, die down, blow out。四川卷第25题，则要求对get down, get through, give in, give away进行合理运用。安徽卷第33题，要求对come down, take down, turn over, go over在具体语境中恰当运用。辽宁卷第22题，则对break构出的短语区别：break down, break up, break in和break out 。
通过对上面短语考查的对比，我们可以看出，短语的考查在今年的高考试卷中难度不算大，但试题占的比重很大，尤其在完形填空中。另外，各地的试题对比，就很容易看出短语的考查还有相同的，比如浙江卷第8题和安徽卷第33题，都考查了take down。再如陕西卷第14题和湖北卷第27题、安徽卷第33题都考查到了turn构成的短语。
二、动词短语考查中一些典型问题的分析
根据评卷抽样分析，06年英语动词短语考查平均得分不高，其主要问题在于中学生的动词短语辨析能力欠缺，反映出考生的基本技能和基础知识依然有待提高，不少考生连基本动词短语的意思都不清楚，这需要引起我们對教学的重视。在评卷的过程中，我发现和总结了考生的以下几种典型问题：
（一）基本动词词汇问题
考生基本动词词汇的问题反映在：
1. 记不清基本动词词意, 如: damage, struck, forbid, respond, reflect, focuse , desert等。
2. 分不清一些这些动词短语之间的区别, 如: refer to 和speak of, get along和set off , break out和come out，call up 和 call on等。这些现象说明学生记忆动词词汇和动词短语的时候非常不准确，只停留在似是而非的和一知半解的感觉上。
(二)基本知识问题
1） 动词搭配不当。如：
to turn ( make ) a good researcher, grew ( went ) green，to raise ( develop ) habits，put ( make ) up jokes (2005江苏卷 )
2) 短语记忆不牢，似是而非。如：
Come about , look into, died down , take down, turn to, take up，mean to cheat等
3) 词义用错问题。如：
lost ( missed ) the last bus, fill ( hold ) 40 people, left ( remained )in the tea house
(三) 应试能力和技巧问题
1）不注意分析句子结构和句式变化，而误定了选择方向。
2）因未认真分析语境，而未能正确理解和把握信息。
例如：In our childhood, we were oftenby Grandma to pay attention to our table manners. ( 2005江苏卷 )
A. demandedB. reminded C. allowed D. hoped
【分析】考生很可能选择A项，但根据语境, 此处应为经常“提醒” 之意。因此，答案为 B。
The chance passed and I didn’tit. ( 2006江苏卷 )
A. take B. haveC. lose D. find
【分析】考生很可能选择B项，但根据语境, 此处应为“抓住机会”之意。因此，答案为 A 。
3）因产生思维定势而未能正确理解句意。
例如：We’re going towith some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us? （2004北京春季第27题）
A. get in B. get over C.get along D. get together
【分析】考生很可能选择C项，get along with sb.“与…相处”。但根据句意，此处应为“欢聚”之意。因此，答案为D。
We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but itvery well （ 2001全国卷 ）
A. worked outB. tried out C. went on D. carried on
【分析】该题考查考生对题干中句子的理解和对几个动词短语的掌握情况。句子的意思是“我们本没有那样计划我们的美术展览，但结果是它进行得非常好。”根据句意，选项中惟有A项符合这一要求。选择B项和C项的考生不知道work out、try out、go on和carry on的确切含义。
三、动词和动词短语的复习
（一）夯实基础，增加输入
语言学习，需要大量的语言知识积累，同样能力的提高是以知识为基础的，没有一定量的知识积累和技能，就转化不成一定质的能力。高三复习中我们应该系统地复习好教材，巩固所学知识，熟练技能。首先，复习要立足于《考试大纲》，着眼于复习实效, 要在教材复习中巩固语言知识。有针对性地复习一些常用动词和动词短语，夯实基础。教师们在课堂教学中，应该针对同学们的不同问题，采取相应的解决措施，帮助学生有计划、有系统、有步骤地归纳复习。学生在复习阶段要全面、牢固地掌握中学阶段所学的常用动词和动词短语，并有意识地多记一些英语习惯用法。
其次，增加输入，拓展视野。教师要引导学生尽可能多地从不同渠道、以不同形式接触和学习英语，亲身感受和直接体验语言及语言应用。通过多样化的教学活动，启发思维，引导学生主动学习，及时检测，促进学生知识结构和思维方式的转变，并实现最终的教学目标。因此，我们教师应该充分利用英语教材以及有利于发展学生综合语言运用能力的其它所有学习材料和辅助设施来提高学生学习英语的积极性，鼓励学生利用多种资源，拓宽学习和运用英语的渠道，创造自主学习的条件，改进学习方式，提高学习效果。
（二）开发智力，提高能力
动词和动词短语的考查在语境中进行，这种趋势在单选题和完形填空中尤为突出，几乎每个小题都设计了一个独立的语境，没有特别难的语言点，考查点都是常见常用的内容。学生对这类试题无法说难，但又往往难于确定正确答案，反映他们语言实际灵活应用能力不足。因此，教师要引导学生通过亲自发现、归纳、分析、运用所学动词和动词短语提高运用语言知识的能力。教师应根据高考要求给予扩展性的补充，并指导学生对所学知识进行综合运用的训练，以提高综合运用知识的能力。要培养学生的综合运用能力，在教学中应让学生多观察、多思考、多分析、多实践，并在不同的语境中去体验其真正的用法。语言知识的运用和语言技能的训练，要具有更大的灵活性和实用性。就是要结合特定的具体环境去创造性地灵活而又正确地使用英语。
（三）增加训练，把握技巧和策略
教与学要注重基本技能和基础知识的培养，最后阶段复习应该以练巩固双基，以练提高语言综合能力为主。从练入手，发现问题，及时应付学生的运用知识能力的变化，切中要点。所以高三复习课要实行“先练后讲”的原则。教学思路应由过去的“讲解—训练—记忆”转变为“训练—讲解—归纳”。教师的正面传授知识要变为拔乱反正，即帮助学生不断发现问题，纠正错误，寻求正确答案。学生“先练”中的问题就是教师“后讲”中的重点。这种英语复习教学的特点是从结果入手，寻找过程，反问一个“为什么”。以前的教学是把学生从未知领域引导到已知领域，高三复习教学要解决知其然还要知其所以然的问题。教师应该从练习入手抓语言知识的应用，从结果入手找原因，一正一反，不断强化训练，学生的语言运用能力就能逐步提高。复习课应尽量采用归纳法授课，培养学生观察、发现、分析、比较、归纳及解决问题的能力。要求同学不但掌握所学动词和动词短语的意义而且要注意其在不同语境中的用法。从练入手，应该练什么样的题目？题海茫茫，教师要严格控制。所训练的动词和动词短语选择的依据应该是：
1． 考綱的词汇和短语
2． 常用词且兼类及多义词
3． 难度不大但用法灵活的动词和词组
4． 相关的近义词或词组
练习的题目应该经过精心设计或严格筛选，自成体系，具有以下几个特点：
1．能集中体现某些语言基础知识和现实语境。
2．有益于提高语言技能实际运用能力题。
3．有利于培养学生分析、判断、推理以及创新等综合能力题。
4．能体现近几年英语高考试题设计意图和风格题。
5．难度适中，内容更贴近现代生活，语言更符合语言国家的文化习惯。
四、实战训练
I选词填空：
（A）
object to；hear of；consist of；complain about；turn up；look into；
apply for；look after；speak of；deal with;turn down
1.You may______________a position to the college by letter or in person.
2.That area’s future weather pattern might______________ long, dry periods.
3.If you facts______________ only, perhaps we’ll get somewhere.
4.He will not______________ my paying for it.
5.The ambassador______________ the student demonstrations.
6.I saw______________ Mary a shop window when I passed the shop.
7.I______________ the reading room when the librarian goes away.
8.Do you______________ my going now? I have to do something important.
9.______________ the fire, please. I need to boil water.
10.He______________ this matter to me.
(B)
operate on；believe in ; speak of；look after；approve of；
contribute to；account for; aim at；amount to；add to；comment on
1.The country has no mineral resources______________ .
2.He could not______________ the time spent away from his post.
3.His remarks______________ the proof that she is innocent.
4.Building costs______________ 6 million dollars.
5.He______________ his elderly parents for many years.
6.The actress will have to have her eyes______________ .
7.Her mother doesn’t______________ her friendship with John.
8.I______________ the bird but missed.
9.The paper often______________ the news in its editorials.
10.Air pollution______________respiratory disease.
II．单项选择
1．When you come to Wuhan，I can______________for the night.（ 82全国卷)
A. put you up B. put you down
C. put you in______________D. put you out
2．——Now， where is my purse?
——______________ !We’ll be late for the picnic. (NMET 2004湖南卷)
A. Take your time B. Don’t worry
C. Come on D. Take it easy
3．The sports meet will be ______________ till next week because of the bad weather. (MET89)
A. put off B. put awayC. put up D. put down
4．______________ ! There’s a train coming. (MET91)
A. Look out B. Look around C. Look forwardD. Look on
5．Readers can______________quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word. (MET93)
A. get over B. get inC. get along D. get through
6．We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it______________very well. (NMET2001)
A. worked out B. tried outC. went on D. carried on
7．Can you make a sentence to______________the meaning of the phrase? (NMET2002上海)
A. show off B. turn out C. bring out D. take in
8．If you______________ any problems when you arrive at the airport，give me a ring.(NMET2002上海春)
A. come up with B. set about C. run into D. put aside
9．He______________ some French while he was away on a business trip in Paris. (NMET2003上海春)
A. made out B. picked upC. gave up D. took in
10．The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to______________.(NMET2003北京春)
A. make it out B. make it off
C. make it up D. make it over
11．We thought of selling this old furniture，but we’ve decided to______________it.It might bevaluable. (NMET 2002)
A. hold on to B. keep up with
C. turn to D. look after
12．The forest guards often find campfires that have not been______________ completely.(NMET 2004全国•四川、吉林卷)
A. turned down B. put out C. put away D. turned over
13．Before the war broke out，many people______________ in safe places possessions they could not take with them. (NMET 2004重庆卷)
A. threw awayB. put awayC. gave awayD. carried away
14．We wanted to get home before dark but it didn’t quite______________as planned.(NMET 2004浙江卷)
A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
15．It was not a serious illness，and she soon______________ it . (NMET 2004天津)
A. got over B. got on withC. got aroundD. got out of
16．To keep healthy，Professor Johnson______________cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired. (NMET 2004上海卷)
A. took up B. caught on C. carried outD. made for
17．The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to______________ our studies.(NMET 2004辽宁卷)
A．get down toB．get outC．get back forD．get over
18．It’s ten years since the scientist______________ on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical. (NMET 2004江苏卷)
A. made forB. set outC. took offD. turned up
19．He accidentally______________ he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn’t been home for a couple of weeks. (NMET 2004湖南卷)
A. let outB. took careC. made sureD. made out
20．In some western countries，demand for graduates from MBA courses has______________.(NMET 2004广西卷)
A. turned down B. turned over C. fallen downD. fallen over
参考答案
I．选词填空：
(A) 1.apply for2.consist of3.deal with4.hear of5.complained about6.looking into7.look after8.object to9.Turn up10.spoke of
(B) 1.to speak of2.account for3.have added to4.amount to5.has looked after6.operated on7.approve of8.aimed at9.comments on10.contributes to
II．单项选择
1． 【答案】A。
【解析】句意：你到武汉来时，我可以为你提供食宿。
put up举起；张贴；公布；为……提供食宿；
put down放下；写下；记下；
put in放进，提交；put out熄灭；关熄；扑灭；
2． 【答案】C。
【解析】句意：——嘿，我的钱包在哪？——快点！野炊我们要迟到了。
take time从容进行 Don’t worry 别着急
come on突然产生，跟着来，开始，上演，快点，赶快
take easy从容，不紧张，松懈，轻松
3．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：因为天气恶劣，运动会将被推迟至下周。
put off延期；推迟；推托；
put away把……收起来; 储藏……备用
put up(参见第1题)put down写下；平定；取缔；
4．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：當心！火车来了。
look out当心
look around (=look round)到处寻找，察看，观光，游览
look forward向前看；期待，盼望 look on观看；旁观；看待
5．【答案】C。
【解析】句意：读者在不知每一个单词的确切意思的情况下可以顺畅地读下去。
get over越（爬）过；克服；复原，痊愈；
get in进站；到达；回来；收集
get along过活；相处；进展
get through完成；到达；通过；打通(电话)
6．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：我们并没有象那样计划好我们的艺术展览会，但结果却很好。
work out作出，得出……答案，解决；产生某种结果；锻炼；使精疲力竭
try out试出；严密试验；提炼，
goon往前走，继续下去(with，doing)；日子过得(well，badly)；进展（行）
carry on继续开展，进行下去；经营，处理
7．【答案】C。
【解析】句意：你能造一个句子来解释这个词组的意思吗？
show off卖弄，炫耀；陈列；使显眼
turn out生产，制造；证明是……，结果是……；
bring out显示，解释；说明；暴露；引出
take in收进，接受；装入，收容，接待；
8．【答案】C。
【解析】句意：如果你到达机场时碰上什么问题，就打电话给我。
come up with赶上；提出；拿出 set about开始，着手
run into碰撞；遇上，偶然遇到
put aside储存……备用；置之不理；把……放在一边
9．【答案】B。
【解析】句意：他在巴黎出公差时学了一些法语。
make out装作；理解，辨认出；（开展pick up拾起；再爬起来；无意地学会）
give up放弃，停（中）止; 投降，泄气；泄露 take in (参见第7题)
10．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：这个想法使我迷惑不解，我停了几秒钟想把他弄清楚。
make out (参见第9题)make off匆忙离去，逃走
make up弥补，拼凑成；配制；组成；虚构，整理；
make over转让，移交；改造；改制；改写
11．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：我们原来考虑卖掉这件旧家具，但我们现在决定留着它。它可能还有用。
hold on to紧紧抓住；不放弃
keep up with跟上，与……保持接触
turn to转向；求助于；变成；结果成为；着手；
look after照看，照管；目送
12．【答案】B。
【解析】句意：那些森林警卫经常发现一些营火没有被完全熄灭。
turn down (使)翻下来；关小(灯光)；拒绝，驳回；
put out熄灭；扑灭；出产；出版
put away(参见第3题)turn out(参见第7题)
13．【答案】B。
【解析】句意：战争爆发前，许多人把那些不能随身带走的财产存放在安全的地方。
throw away扔掉，抛弃； put away(参见第3题)
give away背弃，泄露(秘密)，分送；放弃；
carry away运（搬，带）走；使着迷，
14．【答案】B。
【解析】句意：我们想在天黑之前赶回家，但是结果并非象计划好的那样。
make out (参见第9题)turn out(参见第7题)
go on往前走，继续，进行；接着做某事(go to do sth.)；
come up走近；上(楼)来；(从土中)长出，发芽；上升；
15．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：这不是一个很严重的病，她很快就会痊愈的。
get over(参见第5题)
get on with继续(做某事)；与……和睦相处
get around走动；避开(规章等)；传开；忙于工作；
get out of下车，离开；摆脱；说出；传出去；泄漏；打听出
16．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：在退休后，为保持健康，约翰逊教授把经常骑自行车作为锻炼。
take up举（拿）起；占(地方)；费(时间)；溶解；开始；开始从事，开始学；
catch on理解，明白；抓住；找到工作
carry out开展，实现，完成，进行到底；贯彻，执行
make for有利于……，有助于……；造成；促进；走向；冲向；
17．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：期末考试就要到了。我们该着手搞学习了。
get down to开始认真考虑；着手办理(某事)
get out (参见第15题)
get back for回来；取回 get over(参见第5题)
18．【答案】B。
【解析】句意：那位科学家从事他毕生的发现有价值的化学制品的工作已经十年了.
make for(参见第16题) set out出发，开始；陈述，阐明，提出(理由)
take off取（脱）下；拆下；切除；起飞；扣除；
turn up(参见第18题) 向上翻；开大点，扭亮；露面，来到；
19．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：他无意中说出他与妻子吵了一架，他已经两周没有归家了。
let out放出；泄漏；放寬（大，长）；出租
take care当心，留神
make sure确定；确信，证实 make out(参见第9题)
20．【答案】C。
【解析】句意：在一些西方国家，对工商管理硕士的需求已经下降了。
turn down (参见第12题)
turn over (使)翻过来；交给，转动；翻阅(书刊)
fall down跌倒; 倒塌下来；下跌
fall over落在……之上，脸朝下跌倒.
语言学习中对动词的掌握和运用，决定了以动词为中心的语言点考查范围。2006年在全国各省市的高考英语试题单项选择题和完形填空中，动词依然是考查热点，试归纳汇总在下表：
从上表看出，今年全国各地英语试卷中，在语言和词汇运用一题中，以动词为中心的语言点来说，主要在动词词义或动词短语的区别考查尤为密集。在此，我们把各地试卷单项选择题中在这个方面的考查再细化分析：
一、 动词词义以及短语的区别各地考查情况
1.(全国卷I）22. We ______________ the last bus and didn’t have any money for taxi, so we had to
walk home.
A. reachedB. lost C. missed D. caught
2. (全国卷I）27. Mike didn’t play football yesterday because he had______________his leg.
A. damagedB. hurt C. hit D. struck
3. (全国卷2)15. Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself, but her parents did not______________her to do so.
A. forbid B. allow C. follow D. ask
4. (上海春)43.Sean’s strong love for his country is______________in his recently published poems.
A. relieved B. reflected C. responded D. recovered
5.(天津卷)6. We want to rent a bus which can______________ 40 people for our trip to Beijing.
A. load B. hold C. fill D. support
6. (天津卷)8. Most of us know we should cut down on fat, but knowing such things isn’t much help when it____________________________ shopping and eating.
A. refers toB. speaks of C. focuses onD. comes to
7. (天津卷)10. Don’t respond to any e-mails______________ personal information, no matter how official they look.
A. searching B. askingC. requesting D. questioning
8.(重慶卷)28.——How are you managing to do your work without an assistant?
——Well，I______________ somehow.
A. get along B. come onC. watch out D. set off
9. (辽宁卷)22.The computer system______________ suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet.
A. broke down B. broke outC. broke up D. broke in
10. (四川卷)25.——The boss said we had only three days to finish the work.
——Don’t worry. We have already______________ two thirds of it.
A. got downB. got through C. given in D. given away
11.(江西卷)34．For all these years I have been working for others．I’m hoping I’ll______________ my own business someday.
A. turn upB．fix upC. set upD．make up
12. (陕西卷)14.With no one to______________ in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless.
A. turn to B. turn onC. turn offD. turn over
13.(福建卷)28.She______________Japanese when she was in Japan. Now she can speak it freely.
A. picked outB. made outC. made upD. picked up
14. (湖北卷)22. One of the best ways for people to keep fit is to______________healthy eating habits.
A. grow B developC. increase D. raise
15.(湖北卷)25.It’s already 10 o’clock I wonder how it______________ that she was two hours late on such a short trip.
A. came over B. came out C: came aboutD. came up
16. (湖北卷)26. The building around the corner caught fire last night. The police are now______________ the matter.
A. seeing through B. working out
C. looking into D. watching over
17. (湖北卷)27. As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village______________ scenes of my childhood.
A. called upB. called forC. called on D. called in
18. (湖北卷)28. Although the wind has______________ , the rain remains steady, so you still need a raincoat.
A. turned up B. gone back C. died downD. blown out
19. (廣东卷)24. The traffic lights______________ green and I pulled away.
A. cameB. grewC. gotD. went
20. (广东卷)25. I was still sleeping when the fire______________, and then it spread quickly.
A. broke outB. put out C. came out D. got out
21. (浙江卷)8. We’re trying to ring you back, Bryan, but we think we______________ your number incorrectly.
A. looked up B. took down C. worked outD. brought about
22. (浙江卷)20. ——What should I do first?
——The instructions______________that you should mix flour with water carefully first.
A. goB. tellC. writeD. say
23. (安徽省)24．It was already past midnight and only three young men______________in the teahouse．
A．leftB．remainedC．delayedD．deserted
24. (安徽省)33．——Four dollars a pair? I think it’s a bit too much．
——If you buy three pairs, the price for each will______________to three fifty．
A．come downB．take down C．turn over D．go over
25. (山东卷)25. Someone who lacks staying power and perseverance is unlikely to______________a good researcher.
A. makeB. turnC. getD. grow
26. (山东卷)34. After he retired from office, Rogers______________painting for a while, but soon lost interest.
A. took upB. saved upC. kept upD. drew up
（Key：1-10 CBBBB DCAAB 11-20 CADBC CACDA 21-26 BDBAAA）
在动词词义区别方面，今年普遍出现对一些较为常用的动词之间的区别进行考查，这和前几年有相同之处。试题构成上来说，在全国高考试卷中，往往采用一些常用但区别又很微妙的动词来考查学生对语言的敏感程度和准确理解。比如：全国卷I第22题，就要求对几个常用到的动词：reach, miss, lose及catch在具体语境灵活区别，同样，在该套试题中第27题，要求考生对几个表示“破坏”意思的词区别：damage, hurt, hit及 strike。全国卷II第15题，要求区别forbid, allow, follow及ask几个词。天津卷第6题，要求对load, hold, fill及support进行区别。广东卷第24题，要求考生对come，grow, go及get等常用词在一个特定语言环境中的恰当运用。 山东卷第25题，也有类似的词义区别：make , turn, grow及get等。浙江卷第20题，要求对go, tell, write及say等词在具体语言环境中的恰当运用。 湖北卷第22题，要求对grow, develop, increase及raise等词进行细微区别。安徽卷则要求学生对leave, remain, delay及desert 在具体语境中进行合理运用。
在动词短语方面，今年在全国各地高考试卷中出现的短语累计共有14道题目，这些短语分布在：福建卷第28题，对pick out, make out ,pick up及make up区别。重庆卷第28题，对get along, come on, watch out及set off在具体语境中的合理运用。江西卷第34题，要求就turn up, make up ,fix up, set up 四短语进行细微区别。陕西卷第14题，要求对turn构成的短语：turn to, turn on , turn off, turn over 进行精确运用。天津卷第8题，要求就refer to, speak of, focuse on 及come to 进行恰当运用。广东卷第25题，对break out, get out, put out , come out 细微区别。 山东卷第34题，对take up, save up, keep up, draw up 进行区别。浙江卷第8题，要求对look up, take down, work out及bring out在具体语境中合理运用。可以说，在湖北卷中，今年就短语的考查相当频繁，共在四道试题中考查了， 分别为：第25、26、27和28题中出现。第25题要求区别come构成的固定短语：come up, come out, come about, come over；第26题要求区别see through, work out, look into, watch over；第27题要求区别call on, call up, call for, call in；第27题要求区别turn up, go back, die down, blow out。四川卷第25题，则要求对get down, get through, give in, give away进行合理运用。安徽卷第33题，要求对come down, take down, turn over, go over在具体语境中恰当运用。辽宁卷第22题，则对break构出的短语区别：break down, break up, break in和break out 。
通过对上面短语考查的对比，我们可以看出，短语的考查在今年的高考试卷中难度不算大，但试题占的比重很大，尤其在完形填空中。另外，各地的试题对比，就很容易看出短语的考查还有相同的，比如浙江卷第8题和安徽卷第33题，都考查了take down。再如陕西卷第14题和湖北卷第27题、安徽卷第33题都考查到了turn构成的短语。
二、动词短语考查中一些典型问题的分析
根据评卷抽样分析，06年英语动词短语考查平均得分不高，其主要问题在于中学生的动词短语辨析能力欠缺，反映出考生的基本技能和基础知识依然有待提高，不少考生连基本动词短语的意思都不清楚，这需要引起我们對教学的重视。在评卷的过程中，我发现和总结了考生的以下几种典型问题：
（一）基本动词词汇问题
考生基本动词词汇的问题反映在：
1. 记不清基本动词词意, 如: damage, struck, forbid, respond, reflect, focuse , desert等。
2. 分不清一些这些动词短语之间的区别, 如: refer to 和speak of, get along和set off , break out和come out，call up 和 call on等。这些现象说明学生记忆动词词汇和动词短语的时候非常不准确，只停留在似是而非的和一知半解的感觉上。
(二)基本知识问题
1） 动词搭配不当。如：
to turn ( make ) a good researcher, grew ( went ) green，to raise ( develop ) habits，put ( make ) up jokes (2005江苏卷 )
2) 短语记忆不牢，似是而非。如：
Come about , look into, died down , take down, turn to, take up，mean to cheat等
3) 词义用错问题。如：
lost ( missed ) the last bus, fill ( hold ) 40 people, left ( remained )in the tea house
(三) 应试能力和技巧问题
1）不注意分析句子结构和句式变化，而误定了选择方向。
2）因未认真分析语境，而未能正确理解和把握信息。
例如：In our childhood, we were oftenby Grandma to pay attention to our table manners. ( 2005江苏卷 )
A. demandedB. reminded C. allowed D. hoped
【分析】考生很可能选择A项，但根据语境, 此处应为经常“提醒” 之意。因此，答案为 B。
The chance passed and I didn’tit. ( 2006江苏卷 )
A. take B. haveC. lose D. find
【分析】考生很可能选择B项，但根据语境, 此处应为“抓住机会”之意。因此，答案为 A 。
3）因产生思维定势而未能正确理解句意。
例如：We’re going towith some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us? （2004北京春季第27题）
A. get in B. get over C.get along D. get together
【分析】考生很可能选择C项，get along with sb.“与…相处”。但根据句意，此处应为“欢聚”之意。因此，答案为D。
We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but itvery well （ 2001全国卷 ）
A. worked outB. tried out C. went on D. carried on
【分析】该题考查考生对题干中句子的理解和对几个动词短语的掌握情况。句子的意思是“我们本没有那样计划我们的美术展览，但结果是它进行得非常好。”根据句意，选项中惟有A项符合这一要求。选择B项和C项的考生不知道work out、try out、go on和carry on的确切含义。
三、动词和动词短语的复习
（一）夯实基础，增加输入
语言学习，需要大量的语言知识积累，同样能力的提高是以知识为基础的，没有一定量的知识积累和技能，就转化不成一定质的能力。高三复习中我们应该系统地复习好教材，巩固所学知识，熟练技能。首先，复习要立足于《考试大纲》，着眼于复习实效, 要在教材复习中巩固语言知识。有针对性地复习一些常用动词和动词短语，夯实基础。教师们在课堂教学中，应该针对同学们的不同问题，采取相应的解决措施，帮助学生有计划、有系统、有步骤地归纳复习。学生在复习阶段要全面、牢固地掌握中学阶段所学的常用动词和动词短语，并有意识地多记一些英语习惯用法。
其次，增加输入，拓展视野。教师要引导学生尽可能多地从不同渠道、以不同形式接触和学习英语，亲身感受和直接体验语言及语言应用。通过多样化的教学活动，启发思维，引导学生主动学习，及时检测，促进学生知识结构和思维方式的转变，并实现最终的教学目标。因此，我们教师应该充分利用英语教材以及有利于发展学生综合语言运用能力的其它所有学习材料和辅助设施来提高学生学习英语的积极性，鼓励学生利用多种资源，拓宽学习和运用英语的渠道，创造自主学习的条件，改进学习方式，提高学习效果。
（二）开发智力，提高能力
动词和动词短语的考查在语境中进行，这种趋势在单选题和完形填空中尤为突出，几乎每个小题都设计了一个独立的语境，没有特别难的语言点，考查点都是常见常用的内容。学生对这类试题无法说难，但又往往难于确定正确答案，反映他们语言实际灵活应用能力不足。因此，教师要引导学生通过亲自发现、归纳、分析、运用所学动词和动词短语提高运用语言知识的能力。教师应根据高考要求给予扩展性的补充，并指导学生对所学知识进行综合运用的训练，以提高综合运用知识的能力。要培养学生的综合运用能力，在教学中应让学生多观察、多思考、多分析、多实践，并在不同的语境中去体验其真正的用法。语言知识的运用和语言技能的训练，要具有更大的灵活性和实用性。就是要结合特定的具体环境去创造性地灵活而又正确地使用英语。
（三）增加训练，把握技巧和策略
教与学要注重基本技能和基础知识的培养，最后阶段复习应该以练巩固双基，以练提高语言综合能力为主。从练入手，发现问题，及时应付学生的运用知识能力的变化，切中要点。所以高三复习课要实行“先练后讲”的原则。教学思路应由过去的“讲解—训练—记忆”转变为“训练—讲解—归纳”。教师的正面传授知识要变为拔乱反正，即帮助学生不断发现问题，纠正错误，寻求正确答案。学生“先练”中的问题就是教师“后讲”中的重点。这种英语复习教学的特点是从结果入手，寻找过程，反问一个“为什么”。以前的教学是把学生从未知领域引导到已知领域，高三复习教学要解决知其然还要知其所以然的问题。教师应该从练习入手抓语言知识的应用，从结果入手找原因，一正一反，不断强化训练，学生的语言运用能力就能逐步提高。复习课应尽量采用归纳法授课，培养学生观察、发现、分析、比较、归纳及解决问题的能力。要求同学不但掌握所学动词和动词短语的意义而且要注意其在不同语境中的用法。从练入手，应该练什么样的题目？题海茫茫，教师要严格控制。所训练的动词和动词短语选择的依据应该是：
1． 考綱的词汇和短语
2． 常用词且兼类及多义词
3． 难度不大但用法灵活的动词和词组
4． 相关的近义词或词组
练习的题目应该经过精心设计或严格筛选，自成体系，具有以下几个特点：
1．能集中体现某些语言基础知识和现实语境。
2．有益于提高语言技能实际运用能力题。
3．有利于培养学生分析、判断、推理以及创新等综合能力题。
4．能体现近几年英语高考试题设计意图和风格题。
5．难度适中，内容更贴近现代生活，语言更符合语言国家的文化习惯。
四、实战训练
I选词填空：
（A）
object to；hear of；consist of；complain about；turn up；look into；
apply for；look after；speak of；deal with;turn down
1.You may______________a position to the college by letter or in person.
2.That area’s future weather pattern might______________ long, dry periods.
3.If you facts______________ only, perhaps we’ll get somewhere.
4.He will not______________ my paying for it.
5.The ambassador______________ the student demonstrations.
6.I saw______________ Mary a shop window when I passed the shop.
7.I______________ the reading room when the librarian goes away.
8.Do you______________ my going now? I have to do something important.
9.______________ the fire, please. I need to boil water.
10.He______________ this matter to me.
(B)
operate on；believe in ; speak of；look after；approve of；
contribute to；account for; aim at；amount to；add to；comment on
1.The country has no mineral resources______________ .
2.He could not______________ the time spent away from his post.
3.His remarks______________ the proof that she is innocent.
4.Building costs______________ 6 million dollars.
5.He______________ his elderly parents for many years.
6.The actress will have to have her eyes______________ .
7.Her mother doesn’t______________ her friendship with John.
8.I______________ the bird but missed.
9.The paper often______________ the news in its editorials.
10.Air pollution______________respiratory disease.
II．单项选择
1．When you come to Wuhan，I can______________for the night.（ 82全国卷)
A. put you up B. put you down
C. put you in______________D. put you out
2．——Now， where is my purse?
——______________ !We’ll be late for the picnic. (NMET 2004湖南卷)
A. Take your time B. Don’t worry
C. Come on D. Take it easy
3．The sports meet will be ______________ till next week because of the bad weather. (MET89)
A. put off B. put awayC. put up D. put down
4．______________ ! There’s a train coming. (MET91)
A. Look out B. Look around C. Look forwardD. Look on
5．Readers can______________quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word. (MET93)
A. get over B. get inC. get along D. get through
6．We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it______________very well. (NMET2001)
A. worked out B. tried outC. went on D. carried on
7．Can you make a sentence to______________the meaning of the phrase? (NMET2002上海)
A. show off B. turn out C. bring out D. take in
8．If you______________ any problems when you arrive at the airport，give me a ring.(NMET2002上海春)
A. come up with B. set about C. run into D. put aside
9．He______________ some French while he was away on a business trip in Paris. (NMET2003上海春)
A. made out B. picked upC. gave up D. took in
10．The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to______________.(NMET2003北京春)
A. make it out B. make it off
C. make it up D. make it over
11．We thought of selling this old furniture，but we’ve decided to______________it.It might bevaluable. (NMET 2002)
A. hold on to B. keep up with
C. turn to D. look after
12．The forest guards often find campfires that have not been______________ completely.(NMET 2004全国•四川、吉林卷)
A. turned down B. put out C. put away D. turned over
13．Before the war broke out，many people______________ in safe places possessions they could not take with them. (NMET 2004重庆卷)
A. threw awayB. put awayC. gave awayD. carried away
14．We wanted to get home before dark but it didn’t quite______________as planned.(NMET 2004浙江卷)
A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
15．It was not a serious illness，and she soon______________ it . (NMET 2004天津)
A. got over B. got on withC. got aroundD. got out of
16．To keep healthy，Professor Johnson______________cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired. (NMET 2004上海卷)
A. took up B. caught on C. carried outD. made for
17．The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to______________ our studies.(NMET 2004辽宁卷)
A．get down toB．get outC．get back forD．get over
18．It’s ten years since the scientist______________ on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical. (NMET 2004江苏卷)
A. made forB. set outC. took offD. turned up
19．He accidentally______________ he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn’t been home for a couple of weeks. (NMET 2004湖南卷)
A. let outB. took careC. made sureD. made out
20．In some western countries，demand for graduates from MBA courses has______________.(NMET 2004广西卷)
A. turned down B. turned over C. fallen downD. fallen over
参考答案
I．选词填空：
(A) 1.apply for2.consist of3.deal with4.hear of5.complained about6.looking into7.look after8.object to9.Turn up10.spoke of
(B) 1.to speak of2.account for3.have added to4.amount to5.has looked after6.operated on7.approve of8.aimed at9.comments on10.contributes to
II．单项选择
1． 【答案】A。
【解析】句意：你到武汉来时，我可以为你提供食宿。
put up举起；张贴；公布；为……提供食宿；
put down放下；写下；记下；
put in放进，提交；put out熄灭；关熄；扑灭；
2． 【答案】C。
【解析】句意：——嘿，我的钱包在哪？——快点！野炊我们要迟到了。
take time从容进行 Don’t worry 别着急
come on突然产生，跟着来，开始，上演，快点，赶快
take easy从容，不紧张，松懈，轻松
3．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：因为天气恶劣，运动会将被推迟至下周。
put off延期；推迟；推托；
put away把……收起来; 储藏……备用
put up(参见第1题)put down写下；平定；取缔；
4．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：當心！火车来了。
look out当心
look around (=look round)到处寻找，察看，观光，游览
look forward向前看；期待，盼望 look on观看；旁观；看待
5．【答案】C。
【解析】句意：读者在不知每一个单词的确切意思的情况下可以顺畅地读下去。
get over越（爬）过；克服；复原，痊愈；
get in进站；到达；回来；收集
get along过活；相处；进展
get through完成；到达；通过；打通(电话)
6．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：我们并没有象那样计划好我们的艺术展览会，但结果却很好。
work out作出，得出……答案，解决；产生某种结果；锻炼；使精疲力竭
try out试出；严密试验；提炼，
goon往前走，继续下去(with，doing)；日子过得(well，badly)；进展（行）
carry on继续开展，进行下去；经营，处理
7．【答案】C。
【解析】句意：你能造一个句子来解释这个词组的意思吗？
show off卖弄，炫耀；陈列；使显眼
turn out生产，制造；证明是……，结果是……；
bring out显示，解释；说明；暴露；引出
take in收进，接受；装入，收容，接待；
8．【答案】C。
【解析】句意：如果你到达机场时碰上什么问题，就打电话给我。
come up with赶上；提出；拿出 set about开始，着手
run into碰撞；遇上，偶然遇到
put aside储存……备用；置之不理；把……放在一边
9．【答案】B。
【解析】句意：他在巴黎出公差时学了一些法语。
make out装作；理解，辨认出；（开展pick up拾起；再爬起来；无意地学会）
give up放弃，停（中）止; 投降，泄气；泄露 take in (参见第7题)
10．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：这个想法使我迷惑不解，我停了几秒钟想把他弄清楚。
make out (参见第9题)make off匆忙离去，逃走
make up弥补，拼凑成；配制；组成；虚构，整理；
make over转让，移交；改造；改制；改写
11．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：我们原来考虑卖掉这件旧家具，但我们现在决定留着它。它可能还有用。
hold on to紧紧抓住；不放弃
keep up with跟上，与……保持接触
turn to转向；求助于；变成；结果成为；着手；
look after照看，照管；目送
12．【答案】B。
【解析】句意：那些森林警卫经常发现一些营火没有被完全熄灭。
turn down (使)翻下来；关小(灯光)；拒绝，驳回；
put out熄灭；扑灭；出产；出版
put away(参见第3题)turn out(参见第7题)
13．【答案】B。
【解析】句意：战争爆发前，许多人把那些不能随身带走的财产存放在安全的地方。
throw away扔掉，抛弃； put away(参见第3题)
give away背弃，泄露(秘密)，分送；放弃；
carry away运（搬，带）走；使着迷，
14．【答案】B。
【解析】句意：我们想在天黑之前赶回家，但是结果并非象计划好的那样。
make out (参见第9题)turn out(参见第7题)
go on往前走，继续，进行；接着做某事(go to do sth.)；
come up走近；上(楼)来；(从土中)长出，发芽；上升；
15．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：这不是一个很严重的病，她很快就会痊愈的。
get over(参见第5题)
get on with继续(做某事)；与……和睦相处
get around走动；避开(规章等)；传开；忙于工作；
get out of下车，离开；摆脱；说出；传出去；泄漏；打听出
16．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：在退休后，为保持健康，约翰逊教授把经常骑自行车作为锻炼。
take up举（拿）起；占(地方)；费(时间)；溶解；开始；开始从事，开始学；
catch on理解，明白；抓住；找到工作
carry out开展，实现，完成，进行到底；贯彻，执行
make for有利于……，有助于……；造成；促进；走向；冲向；
17．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：期末考试就要到了。我们该着手搞学习了。
get down to开始认真考虑；着手办理(某事)
get out (参见第15题)
get back for回来；取回 get over(参见第5题)
18．【答案】B。
【解析】句意：那位科学家从事他毕生的发现有价值的化学制品的工作已经十年了.
make for(参见第16题) set out出发，开始；陈述，阐明，提出(理由)
take off取（脱）下；拆下；切除；起飞；扣除；
turn up(参见第18题) 向上翻；开大点，扭亮；露面，来到；
19．【答案】A。
【解析】句意：他无意中说出他与妻子吵了一架，他已经两周没有归家了。
let out放出；泄漏；放寬（大，长）；出租
take care当心，留神
make sure确定；确信，证实 make out(参见第9题)
20．【答案】C。
【解析】句意：在一些西方国家，对工商管理硕士的需求已经下降了。
turn down (参见第12题)
turn over (使)翻过来；交给，转动；翻阅(书刊)
fall down跌倒; 倒塌下来；下跌
fall over落在……之上，脸朝下跌倒.