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【摘要】针对独立学院英语专业学生普遍对paraphrase 兴趣不高,信心不足的情况,笔者结合《基础英语》课堂内容及授课经验,针对什么是paraphrase,何时需要paraphrase,如何进行paraphrase以及其作用等问题给予详细阐述,希望对这门课程的教学能带来一些启示。
【关键词】英文释义基础英语应用
【Abstract】In terms of English students’ lacking of interests and confidence to paraphrase in theIndependent College, the author, based on the texts in Basic English Course, gives concrete explanation and analyses about what paraphrase is, when students need paraphrase, how to paraphrase as well as the roles of paraphrase in learning English, so as to enlighten the teaching of Basic English.
【Key words】paraphrase; Basic English; application
引言
Paraphrase是《基础英语》课堂上常用的语言训练方式之一。在教学过程中,笔者发现自己所在的独立院校英语专业学生很难对所学文章中的句子进行准确、流利的转述或释义。大一新生刚接触时,总将paraphrase跟translation混淆;在练习过程中,相当多的学生逻辑混乱,用词简单,句型单一,语法错误频繁。因此,Paraphrase在课堂教学中的受益与期望效果相差较大。
一、何谓paraphrase?
Paraphrase“释义,改述”是在同一语言内,用更简短、明确的词或短语对原文进行解释。从功能上看,其是一个语言意义从复杂到简单的重组过程,不仅需要学生有较好的理解力,还需要有扎实的语法功底。对于独立院校英语基础薄弱的学生而言,paraphrase的确是一项困难与挑战。
二、如何Paraphrase?
以《现代大学英语精读2》中的句子作为分析材料,笔者从词汇、句法以及语篇层面对paraphrase的方法进行归纳。
1.词汇层面。
(1)词汇替换法。词汇替换法即将较抽象、罕见、非常规化的词语替换为常见、通俗易懂的已知单词或短语。此方法一般不涉及句子其它部分的改动,所以最简单,也最利于学生掌握。如:
I nodded assent. (Para 41, Unit 8)可简单释义为:I nodded in agreement.
(2)词性转换法。为使句意明确通顺,有时需在各词性之间进行变换。如:Familiarity sometimes makes people physically invisible.(Para 26, Unit 6)可释义为:When people are familiar with each other, sometimes they don’t noticephysical changes.
(3)固定搭配、俚語、非正式用语等。英语中多固定搭配、俚语及非正式用语等,通过逐个单词的意思组合,无法获得准确意思。在课堂上,这也是老师重点输入的部分,需要学生长期的语言积累。如:Anyhow, it is water under the bridge now. (Para. 11, Unit 12)“water under the bridge”意为“无法改变的事”,可释义为:Anyhow, the thing is past and gone;it cannot be changed.
2.句子层面。
(1)长句拆分法。英语重结构,整个句子尽管表面上看起来错综复杂却是一个有机整体。对此,可采用断句拆分的方法,逐个分句进行释义,如:
You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn’t jump the fence, or that your client doesn’t go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence. (Para. 5 unit 1)
在此句中,see to it 后面接了三个并列从句,代指三种情况。因此在paraphrase时,需要一一列出:If you’re a pharmacist, …. As an engineer, …. If you become a lawyer, ….
(2)改变句子成分。英语中介词使用广泛,尤其多做状语。笔者发现,学生通常对副词的接受和理解程度比介词短语更好。比如:He wrote about the marvels of tomorrow with such precise, indisputable detailthat he was taken seriously. (Para. 7 Unit 13) 在此句当中,with such precise, indisputable detail是介词短语的形式,可以直接用副词accurately 和convincingly 来替代。
(3)修辞。修辞在文学作品中不可或缺。但正是由于修辞的使用,文章更难理解,因此paraphrase时必须将这些修辞的隐含之意表达清楚。比如:Soon I began to see her almost every weekend and my well of knowledge about natural history began to brim over. (Para. 24 Unit 6)该句中,作者将自己的知识储备比作一口井,知识丰富的就像要从井里溢出的水一样。I began to know much about natural history and my knowledge was too much for a boy of my age.
【关键词】英文释义基础英语应用
【Abstract】In terms of English students’ lacking of interests and confidence to paraphrase in theIndependent College, the author, based on the texts in Basic English Course, gives concrete explanation and analyses about what paraphrase is, when students need paraphrase, how to paraphrase as well as the roles of paraphrase in learning English, so as to enlighten the teaching of Basic English.
【Key words】paraphrase; Basic English; application
引言
Paraphrase是《基础英语》课堂上常用的语言训练方式之一。在教学过程中,笔者发现自己所在的独立院校英语专业学生很难对所学文章中的句子进行准确、流利的转述或释义。大一新生刚接触时,总将paraphrase跟translation混淆;在练习过程中,相当多的学生逻辑混乱,用词简单,句型单一,语法错误频繁。因此,Paraphrase在课堂教学中的受益与期望效果相差较大。
一、何谓paraphrase?
Paraphrase“释义,改述”是在同一语言内,用更简短、明确的词或短语对原文进行解释。从功能上看,其是一个语言意义从复杂到简单的重组过程,不仅需要学生有较好的理解力,还需要有扎实的语法功底。对于独立院校英语基础薄弱的学生而言,paraphrase的确是一项困难与挑战。
二、如何Paraphrase?
以《现代大学英语精读2》中的句子作为分析材料,笔者从词汇、句法以及语篇层面对paraphrase的方法进行归纳。
1.词汇层面。
(1)词汇替换法。词汇替换法即将较抽象、罕见、非常规化的词语替换为常见、通俗易懂的已知单词或短语。此方法一般不涉及句子其它部分的改动,所以最简单,也最利于学生掌握。如:
I nodded assent. (Para 41, Unit 8)可简单释义为:I nodded in agreement.
(2)词性转换法。为使句意明确通顺,有时需在各词性之间进行变换。如:Familiarity sometimes makes people physically invisible.(Para 26, Unit 6)可释义为:When people are familiar with each other, sometimes they don’t noticephysical changes.
(3)固定搭配、俚語、非正式用语等。英语中多固定搭配、俚语及非正式用语等,通过逐个单词的意思组合,无法获得准确意思。在课堂上,这也是老师重点输入的部分,需要学生长期的语言积累。如:Anyhow, it is water under the bridge now. (Para. 11, Unit 12)“water under the bridge”意为“无法改变的事”,可释义为:Anyhow, the thing is past and gone;it cannot be changed.
2.句子层面。
(1)长句拆分法。英语重结构,整个句子尽管表面上看起来错综复杂却是一个有机整体。对此,可采用断句拆分的方法,逐个分句进行释义,如:
You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn’t jump the fence, or that your client doesn’t go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence. (Para. 5 unit 1)
在此句中,see to it 后面接了三个并列从句,代指三种情况。因此在paraphrase时,需要一一列出:If you’re a pharmacist, …. As an engineer, …. If you become a lawyer, ….
(2)改变句子成分。英语中介词使用广泛,尤其多做状语。笔者发现,学生通常对副词的接受和理解程度比介词短语更好。比如:He wrote about the marvels of tomorrow with such precise, indisputable detailthat he was taken seriously. (Para. 7 Unit 13) 在此句当中,with such precise, indisputable detail是介词短语的形式,可以直接用副词accurately 和convincingly 来替代。
(3)修辞。修辞在文学作品中不可或缺。但正是由于修辞的使用,文章更难理解,因此paraphrase时必须将这些修辞的隐含之意表达清楚。比如:Soon I began to see her almost every weekend and my well of knowledge about natural history began to brim over. (Para. 24 Unit 6)该句中,作者将自己的知识储备比作一口井,知识丰富的就像要从井里溢出的水一样。I began to know much about natural history and my knowledge was too much for a boy of my age.