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保障生育自由对于女性的福祉有至关重要的作用,不仅仅因为妊娠这一艰难的生理过程发生在女性体内,更因为在分娩后女性通常承担养育孩子的主要责任。因此从生育自治从质的层面来说,无疑对于女性是极端宝贵的;从功能主义的层面来说,对于整个人类的发展也是宝贵的。根据美国哲学家劳拉·帕迪所总结,对于女性生育自治产生负面影响两个最重要因素为贫困和一些尝试诋毁生育自治的错误信条和信仰。②然而,近几十年来,另一社会现象成为抑制女性生育自治的另一大因素,即在寻求分析,解释和解决社会问题时过分依赖医学知识和技术,也就是本文将讨论的“医学化”。尽管生育自治重大意义,但是其在许多社会,即使是生活和医疗水平都处于世界领先水平的美国,都没有被充分地重视。本文从道德和功能主义两方面讨论了女性生育自治的重要性,并尝试分析在美国,医疗团体和机构的政策对于女性生育观点形成的影响。同时,本文将对美国一部分州立医院关于人工减少妇女妊娠胚胎个数政策规定进行分析,以此来探讨当美国的医药化如何限制女性的生育自治。
Ensuring freedom of childbirth is crucial to the well-being of women not only because of the difficult physiological processes of pregnancy that occur in women, but also because women generally assume the primary responsibility for raising children after childbirth. It is therefore undoubtedly extremely valuable to women from a qualitatively autonomous level of procreation; from the functionalist level, it is also valuable for the development of humankind as a whole. According to the summary by American philosopher Laura Paddy, the two most important factors that negatively affect the autonomy of feminine self-proclamations are poverty and some erroneous beliefs and beliefs that try to discredit childbirth autonomy. However, in recent decades, another social phenomenon has become another major factor in restraining women’s autonomy, that is, overreliance on medical knowledge and technology in seeking to analyze, interpret and solve social problems, that is, “medicine Change ”. Despite the great importance of procreation autonomy, in many societies, even the United States, whose living and medical standards are among the most advanced in the world, has not been given enough attention. This article discusses the importance of women’s reproductive autonomy from both ethical and functionalist levels and attempts to analyze the impact of the policies of the medical community and institutions on the formation of women’s procreation in the United States. In the meantime, this article will analyze the policies and regulations on the artificial reduction of the number of pregnant women in some state hospitals in the United States in order to probe into how medicalization in the United States limits women’s autonomy.