一、反拨效应Bailey.K.M在l996年发表的A Review of the Washback Concept in Language Test中指出,测试会影响学习者对教学和学习的理解和态度,而这种理解和态度又会反过来影响学习者的学习过程和成效。这种测试对教与学的影响在教育界即被称为反拨效应(washback or backwash)。一般分为正面的影响和负 First, the backwash effect Bailey.KM published in l996 A Review of the Washback Concept in Language Test pointed out that the test will affect learners’ understanding and attitudes toward teaching and learning, and this understanding and attitude will in turn affect Learner’s learning process and effectiveness. The impact of this test on teaching and learning is called the washback or backwash in education. Generally divided into positive effects and negative