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定语从句既是高中英语中的大语法项目,也是历届高考的热点。它是中学英语教学中的重点,也是学生学习中容易出错的地方。涉及定语从句的考题可以出现在单项填空题、完形填空题中;也可以出现短文改错题中。阅读理解题中也会出现不少含有定语从句的复合句。考生在做书面表达题时也可能使用定语从句。为使学生熟练掌握和运用该知识点,笔者结合自己的教学经验从以下几点谈谈定语从句的学习。
一、弄清关系代词或关系副词与先行词之间的替代关系
定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词,起“定语”作用,修饰说明名词、代词或主句的全部内容,在被修饰的词语(先行词,因为它总是处在定语从句的前头,比定语从句先行一步)之后,有“关系词”引导,即定语从句与先行词之间必须有关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which等)或关系副词(when, where, why等)替代先行词,并在从句中担当一定的句子成分。“关系词”有下面三种功能:
1) 引导定语从句(在从句开头);
2) 指代或替代“先行词”;
3) 在定语从句中充当成分。
例如:
Those who want to go home this weekend must ask the monitor for a leave.(句中的who的先行词是Those,并在定语从句中作主语。)
I still remember the days which we spent together. (which 的先行词是the days,并在定于从句中作spent 的宾语。)
Is there a gas station around where we can get some petrol? (先行词是a gas station,关系副词where意为in the station,在定于从句中作状语。)
I prefer the house whose windows face the sea. (关系代词whose 在定语从句中作windows的定语。)
二、弄清定语从句与其它句型之间的差异,包括定语从句与地点、时间状语从句,与方式状语从句,与同位语从
句等的差异。下面从几个例子分别说明它们之间的区别:
1)与地点状语从句的区别
i. This is the place which we are going to visit.
ii. We didn’t find a gas station where we could get some petrol.
定语从句有表示地点的先行词,而地点状语从句则没有;定语从句的关系词根据需要可用“介词+which”来代替where, 而地点状语从句则只能由where引导。
2)与时间状语的区别
i. It has been two years since we met each other last time.
ii. I still remember the days which we spent together.
定語从句前一定要有先行词,而状语从句前无先行词。区别某些表示时间的名词后的从句是定语从句还是时间状语从句,关键要看这个名词是否充当先行词。第一句是since引导的时间状语从句,句意为“我们从上次见面到现在已经有两年了”。第二句前面已讲过,在此不再赘述。
3)与方式状语的区别
i. Is this the reason which he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
ii. A man has the right to spend his time how he pleases.
第一句中先行词the reason,后面从句中的谓语动词explained为及物动词,which引导后面的从句,并作explained的宾语,为定语从句。这在第一大点有讲述。而第二句中缺少先行词,为how引导的方式状语从句。
4)与同位语从句的差别
i. We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。
ii. We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。
定语从句是形容词从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的;同位语从句是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。判断that从句是定语从句还是同位语从句的方法是:去掉that后,从句结构完整的是同位语从句,不完整的是定语从句。另外,同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用,不作任何句子成分。
三、如何选择关系词
引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词:
who,which,that作从句的主语
whom,which,that作从句的宾语(可省略)
whose从句中作定语
以下情况只能用that,不能用which:
1)先行词为不定代词 all, little, none,any,every,no,much, anything, nothing;
2)先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等);
3)先行词既有人又有物的时候;
4)在there be 句型中。
例如:
1.We still remember the man and the story that made us laugh a lot.
2.It is the very pen that I lost.
3.The boy handed everything to his teacher that he had brought from home.
4.There are some girls that are friends.
以下情况只能用which,不能用that:
1)引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时);
2) 介词+关系代词的结构中。
例如:
1.He became the first Chinese to win the Olympic gold medal, which made him very proud.
2.This is the room in which Tom once lived.
关系副词:
1) when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;
2) where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语;
3) why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,只修饰reason.
一、弄清关系代词或关系副词与先行词之间的替代关系
定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词,起“定语”作用,修饰说明名词、代词或主句的全部内容,在被修饰的词语(先行词,因为它总是处在定语从句的前头,比定语从句先行一步)之后,有“关系词”引导,即定语从句与先行词之间必须有关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which等)或关系副词(when, where, why等)替代先行词,并在从句中担当一定的句子成分。“关系词”有下面三种功能:
1) 引导定语从句(在从句开头);
2) 指代或替代“先行词”;
3) 在定语从句中充当成分。
例如:
Those who want to go home this weekend must ask the monitor for a leave.(句中的who的先行词是Those,并在定语从句中作主语。)
I still remember the days which we spent together. (which 的先行词是the days,并在定于从句中作spent 的宾语。)
Is there a gas station around where we can get some petrol? (先行词是a gas station,关系副词where意为in the station,在定于从句中作状语。)
I prefer the house whose windows face the sea. (关系代词whose 在定语从句中作windows的定语。)
二、弄清定语从句与其它句型之间的差异,包括定语从句与地点、时间状语从句,与方式状语从句,与同位语从
句等的差异。下面从几个例子分别说明它们之间的区别:
1)与地点状语从句的区别
i. This is the place which we are going to visit.
ii. We didn’t find a gas station where we could get some petrol.
定语从句有表示地点的先行词,而地点状语从句则没有;定语从句的关系词根据需要可用“介词+which”来代替where, 而地点状语从句则只能由where引导。
2)与时间状语的区别
i. It has been two years since we met each other last time.
ii. I still remember the days which we spent together.
定語从句前一定要有先行词,而状语从句前无先行词。区别某些表示时间的名词后的从句是定语从句还是时间状语从句,关键要看这个名词是否充当先行词。第一句是since引导的时间状语从句,句意为“我们从上次见面到现在已经有两年了”。第二句前面已讲过,在此不再赘述。
3)与方式状语的区别
i. Is this the reason which he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
ii. A man has the right to spend his time how he pleases.
第一句中先行词the reason,后面从句中的谓语动词explained为及物动词,which引导后面的从句,并作explained的宾语,为定语从句。这在第一大点有讲述。而第二句中缺少先行词,为how引导的方式状语从句。
4)与同位语从句的差别
i. We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。
ii. We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。
定语从句是形容词从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的;同位语从句是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。判断that从句是定语从句还是同位语从句的方法是:去掉that后,从句结构完整的是同位语从句,不完整的是定语从句。另外,同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用,不作任何句子成分。
三、如何选择关系词
引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词:
who,which,that作从句的主语
whom,which,that作从句的宾语(可省略)
whose从句中作定语
以下情况只能用that,不能用which:
1)先行词为不定代词 all, little, none,any,every,no,much, anything, nothing;
2)先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括: the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等);
3)先行词既有人又有物的时候;
4)在there be 句型中。
例如:
1.We still remember the man and the story that made us laugh a lot.
2.It is the very pen that I lost.
3.The boy handed everything to his teacher that he had brought from home.
4.There are some girls that are friends.
以下情况只能用which,不能用that:
1)引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时);
2) 介词+关系代词的结构中。
例如:
1.He became the first Chinese to win the Olympic gold medal, which made him very proud.
2.This is the room in which Tom once lived.
关系副词:
1) when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;
2) where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语;
3) why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,只修饰reason.