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【摘要】公式法分析是根据学生逻辑性推理的习惯，对英语进行直观、形象的解剖与推理，对语法结构进行简化分析，可以通过直观与逻辑思维相结合、诠释这些复杂的语法结构。本文就名词性从句的公式法提出浅见，以供商榷。
【关键词】公式法 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句
名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。也就是说名词在句中所充当的成分大都可以用公式勾划出来，那么四种名词性从句必须具备的基本公式如下：
Subject Clause: Subject Clause +V.+…
Object Clause: Subject + V. + Object Clause
Predictive Clause: Subject + link V. +Predictive Clause
Appositive Clause: Noun + Appositive Clause
一、主语从句（Subject Clause）
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
公式：Subject Clause + V. +…
It+ V. +…Subject Clause
如：Who he is doesn’t concern me.
SubjectClause+V. +…
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It+ …V.+ Subject Clause
1、根据动词的类型，可以将主语从句的基本公式分解
Subject Clause + Vt. + Object
Subject Clause +Vi. + …
Subject Clause +link V. + Predictive
2、用It作用形式主语，将主语从句后置，是为了避免句子头重脚轻
⑴It + link V. + Noun + Subject Clause
It is a fact that he hasn’ t solved the problem.
It is common knowledge that morning exercises are good to your health.
⑵It + link V. + abj. + Subject Clause
It is immaterial where or when he goes.
It is probable that he told her everything.
3、主语从句必须后置的情况
⑴If引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
⑵It +Vi. (happen/occur/seem…) + Subject Clause
It happened that the Smiths were out.
⑶It + be + past particile (said/reported/ believed…) + Subject Clause
It is said that he has got married.
⑷It + doesn’ t matter/makes no difference/makes no matter/… + how/whether/if/that…
It doesn’ t matter whether he is wrong or not.
⑸全句如是一般疑问句，评语从句不可提前。
Is it probable that he will come today?
Subject Clause
⑹全句如是感叹句，则必须用形式主语it。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
Subject Clause
注意：①在口语和非正式文体中，主语从句后置时，that常可省略。在非常短的句子中，that总是不必要的。如：It’s a pity (that) you’re leaving.
但that从句位于句首时，连词that是绝对不能省略的。
That we are invited to a concert this evening is good news to us.
②it作形式主语和it引导强调句的区别。It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，而且主语从句的连接词有变化。而it引导的强调句则对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调的部分指人时也可用Who/Whom，而且将强调句的结构It be (is/was) + … that去掉，将被强调部分放在句中的相应位置，句子将变得完整。
It doesn’ t interest me whether you succeed of not. （主语从句）
It is in the morning that the murder took place. （强调句）
→The murder took place in the morning.
二、宾语从句（Object Clause）
宾语从句即在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语的从句，或某些作表语的形式词（如glad, happy, sure, certain, afraid, pleased等）后所带的从句。
公式：①Subject + vt. + Object Clause
②Subject + link V. + adj. + Object Clause
③Prep. + Object Clause
如：I can’t understand why he was so late. ①
I’m glad that he is successful. ②
I haven’t the least interest in what he is doing. ③
She is sorry for what she said. ③
有时介词可以省去。如：
We have solved the problem (of) who was at fault.
当宾语从句后有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，宾语从句放在补足语之后。可以接复合宾语的动词有think, make, consider, find等。
公式：Subject + vt. +it +adj./n. + Object Clause
如：He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.
Object Clause
注意如下结构，用it替代其后的宾语从句：
Subject + like/hate/hear/… + it + Object Clause
Mr Smith hated it when his students were absent for no good reason.
Object Clause
三、表语从句（Predictive Clause）
表语从句即在句中作表语的从句，常位于be, seem, look, appear, remain等系动词之后。
公式：Subject + link V. + Predictive Clause
The problem is who we can get to replace her.
That is what he meant.
另外，常用的还有：
The reason is that …
It is because …
如：The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四、同位语从句（Appositive Clause）
同位语从句即在某些表示抽象概念的名词后面，可以说明名词所表示的具体内容的从句，后常接同位语从句的名词有：news, fact, idea promise, answer, truth, belier, doubt, tope, problem, question, reply, report, suggestion, thought, condition等。
公式：noun +Appositive Clause
The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
Appositive Clause
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
Appositive Clause
同位语从句不一定总跟在抽象名词之后，有时根据句子结构或句意的需要跟定语从句一样被别的词隔开。如：
He got the news from Mary that the Sports meeting Was put off.
noun Appositive Clause
这个句子中that从句作the news的同位语从句，被介词短语from Mary隔开。由于同位语从句与定语从句有相似之外，必须注意它们的区别：
1、公式：noun（抽象）+ Appositive Clause（同位语从句）
noun/pron.+ Appositive Clause（定语从句）
2、同位语从句中的that是连接词，只起连接主从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分；而定语从句中的that既可代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语）。
3、同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行解释，补充说明；而定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定。
a、 The news that he told me is that Mary would go abroad next year.（the news后that作told的直接宾语，故属定语从句）。
b、The news that Mary could go abroad is told by his friend.（that后的句子是完整的，不缺少任何成分，
只起连接作用，属同位语从句）。
五、例题分析
（1）After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth,________our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.（2004，上海37）
A、where B、what C、that D、how
解析：根据公式法推断：
Our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
Sudject V. to+vt. linkV Predictive
Subject Clause
可见，系动词is前缺少主语，而前面是一个句子结构，所以此句应该是考查主语从句的用法，并且从句中缺少及物动词do的宾语，只能由连接代词what充当，选B。
（2）There is a popular belief among peoplethe colder the winter is, the better harvest we will get in the next year.
A、who B、which C、that D、in which
解析：注意观察句子，空格前后是两个完整的单句，根据后句句意：冬天越冷，我们下一年的收成就会越好。这恰好是前句中a popular belief的内容。根据公式noun+从句，为同位语从句，不缺少任何成分，用that连接，故选C。
综上所述，名词性从句的运用涉及到句子中词性的判断、主从句的关系以及连接词的选用。而将一种从句区别于另一种从句，对从句进行简单、直观、快捷的判断的方法之一就是公式法分析。它将综合的语言知识用逻辑推理的方法把从句类型格式化，便于直接观察。
（作者单位：554300 贵州省铜仁二中）
【关键词】公式法 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句
名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。也就是说名词在句中所充当的成分大都可以用公式勾划出来，那么四种名词性从句必须具备的基本公式如下：
Subject Clause: Subject Clause +V.+…
Object Clause: Subject + V. + Object Clause
Predictive Clause: Subject + link V. +Predictive Clause
Appositive Clause: Noun + Appositive Clause
一、主语从句（Subject Clause）
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
公式：Subject Clause + V. +…
It+ V. +…Subject Clause
如：Who he is doesn’t concern me.
SubjectClause+V. +…
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It+ …V.+ Subject Clause
1、根据动词的类型，可以将主语从句的基本公式分解
Subject Clause + Vt. + Object
Subject Clause +Vi. + …
Subject Clause +link V. + Predictive
2、用It作用形式主语，将主语从句后置，是为了避免句子头重脚轻
⑴It + link V. + Noun + Subject Clause
It is a fact that he hasn’ t solved the problem.
It is common knowledge that morning exercises are good to your health.
⑵It + link V. + abj. + Subject Clause
It is immaterial where or when he goes.
It is probable that he told her everything.
3、主语从句必须后置的情况
⑴If引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
⑵It +Vi. (happen/occur/seem…) + Subject Clause
It happened that the Smiths were out.
⑶It + be + past particile (said/reported/ believed…) + Subject Clause
It is said that he has got married.
⑷It + doesn’ t matter/makes no difference/makes no matter/… + how/whether/if/that…
It doesn’ t matter whether he is wrong or not.
⑸全句如是一般疑问句，评语从句不可提前。
Is it probable that he will come today?
Subject Clause
⑹全句如是感叹句，则必须用形式主语it。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet!
Subject Clause
注意：①在口语和非正式文体中，主语从句后置时，that常可省略。在非常短的句子中，that总是不必要的。如：It’s a pity (that) you’re leaving.
但that从句位于句首时，连词that是绝对不能省略的。
That we are invited to a concert this evening is good news to us.
②it作形式主语和it引导强调句的区别。It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，而且主语从句的连接词有变化。而it引导的强调句则对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调的部分指人时也可用Who/Whom，而且将强调句的结构It be (is/was) + … that去掉，将被强调部分放在句中的相应位置，句子将变得完整。
It doesn’ t interest me whether you succeed of not. （主语从句）
It is in the morning that the murder took place. （强调句）
→The murder took place in the morning.
二、宾语从句（Object Clause）
宾语从句即在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语的从句，或某些作表语的形式词（如glad, happy, sure, certain, afraid, pleased等）后所带的从句。
公式：①Subject + vt. + Object Clause
②Subject + link V. + adj. + Object Clause
③Prep. + Object Clause
如：I can’t understand why he was so late. ①
I’m glad that he is successful. ②
I haven’t the least interest in what he is doing. ③
She is sorry for what she said. ③
有时介词可以省去。如：
We have solved the problem (of) who was at fault.
当宾语从句后有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，宾语从句放在补足语之后。可以接复合宾语的动词有think, make, consider, find等。
公式：Subject + vt. +it +adj./n. + Object Clause
如：He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.
Object Clause
注意如下结构，用it替代其后的宾语从句：
Subject + like/hate/hear/… + it + Object Clause
Mr Smith hated it when his students were absent for no good reason.
Object Clause
三、表语从句（Predictive Clause）
表语从句即在句中作表语的从句，常位于be, seem, look, appear, remain等系动词之后。
公式：Subject + link V. + Predictive Clause
The problem is who we can get to replace her.
That is what he meant.
另外，常用的还有：
The reason is that …
It is because …
如：The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四、同位语从句（Appositive Clause）
同位语从句即在某些表示抽象概念的名词后面，可以说明名词所表示的具体内容的从句，后常接同位语从句的名词有：news, fact, idea promise, answer, truth, belier, doubt, tope, problem, question, reply, report, suggestion, thought, condition等。
公式：noun +Appositive Clause
The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
Appositive Clause
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
Appositive Clause
同位语从句不一定总跟在抽象名词之后，有时根据句子结构或句意的需要跟定语从句一样被别的词隔开。如：
He got the news from Mary that the Sports meeting Was put off.
noun Appositive Clause
这个句子中that从句作the news的同位语从句，被介词短语from Mary隔开。由于同位语从句与定语从句有相似之外，必须注意它们的区别：
1、公式：noun（抽象）+ Appositive Clause（同位语从句）
noun/pron.+ Appositive Clause（定语从句）
2、同位语从句中的that是连接词，只起连接主从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分；而定语从句中的that既可代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语）。
3、同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行解释，补充说明；而定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定。
a、 The news that he told me is that Mary would go abroad next year.（the news后that作told的直接宾语，故属定语从句）。
b、The news that Mary could go abroad is told by his friend.（that后的句子是完整的，不缺少任何成分，
只起连接作用，属同位语从句）。
五、例题分析
（1）After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth,________our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.（2004，上海37）
A、where B、what C、that D、how
解析：根据公式法推断：
Our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
Sudject V. to+vt. linkV Predictive
Subject Clause
可见，系动词is前缺少主语，而前面是一个句子结构，所以此句应该是考查主语从句的用法，并且从句中缺少及物动词do的宾语，只能由连接代词what充当，选B。
（2）There is a popular belief among peoplethe colder the winter is, the better harvest we will get in the next year.
A、who B、which C、that D、in which
解析：注意观察句子，空格前后是两个完整的单句，根据后句句意：冬天越冷，我们下一年的收成就会越好。这恰好是前句中a popular belief的内容。根据公式noun+从句，为同位语从句，不缺少任何成分，用that连接，故选C。
综上所述，名词性从句的运用涉及到句子中词性的判断、主从句的关系以及连接词的选用。而将一种从句区别于另一种从句，对从句进行简单、直观、快捷的判断的方法之一就是公式法分析。它将综合的语言知识用逻辑推理的方法把从句类型格式化，便于直接观察。
（作者单位：554300 贵州省铜仁二中）