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摘要: 目的:研究腹腔镜下胃肠手术中气腹对术者肝肾功能的影响。方法:择期开腹胃肠手术和腹腔镜下胃肠手术患者各20例,18-65岁,体重指数18-30,美国麻醉医师协会分级1-2级。手术均在全身麻醉下进行。采用丙泊酚(1.5-2 mg/kg)和芬太尼(2-4 μg/kg)进行全麻诱导。麻醉维持采用七氟烷和瑞芬太尼。术中维持Narcotrend指数于40-60。分别于手术开始前和结束后30 min抽取静脉血,测定血谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿素氮和肌酐水平并分析其变化。结果:与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜下胃肠手术气腹后血谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和肌酐的升高更为明显(P均<0.05)。 结论:腹腔镜下胃肠手术中气腹可能引起肝肾功能的异常。
关键词:腹腔镜下手术;气腹;肝功能;肾功能
中图分类号:R445.11; R713 文献标识码:A 文章编号:
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81070966);贝朗麻醉科研基金(BBF-2013-009);西京医院助推项目 (XJZT10Y17)
Abstract:Objective: To compare the change of hepatic and renal function after open or laparoscopic gastroenterological surgery. Methods: Patients scheduled for open or robotic laparoscopic gastroenterological surgery were involved in this study (n=20). Inclusion criteria included age between 18-30 yr, BMI between 18-30 kg/cm2 and ASA status 1-2. Anesthesia induction was done with propofol(1.5-2 mg/kg)and fentanyl(2-4 μg/kg). Anesthesia was maintained by sevoflurane and remifentanil. Narcotrend index was maintained at 40-60 during surgery. Venous blood sample was collected before and at 30min after surgery for assay of Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Creatinine(Cr). Results: Compared with patients undergoing open surgery, those undergoing laparoscopic gastroenterological surgery showed significant change of ALT, AST and Cr. Conclusion: Pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic gastroenterological surgery could lead to abnormal hepatic and renal function. However, the clinical significance of this change is still unclear.
Keywords: Laparoscopic surgery; pneumoperitoneum; hepatic function; renal function
腔镜手术因其创伤更小、操作更精细而迅速得到普及。但腔镜手术中需建立气腹,腹压增加对腹部脏器血流供应的影响可能较大[1,2]。可能引起肝功能和肾功能一过性的改变[1-4]。而且目前临床所用的11-14 cm H2O的气腹压力不能排除对内脏功能的影响。本研究拟观察开腹和腹腔镜两种胃肠手术后患者肝肾功能的改变,从而评估腹腔镜手术下气腹对肝肾功能的影响。
1方法
1.1患者
本研究经西京医院伦理会批准,所有患者均签署知情同意书。本研究纳入择期接受开腹(O组)或腹腔镜下胃肠手术(L组)的连续患者各20例。纳入标准为18-65岁,体重指数18-30,美国麻醉医师协会分级1-2级,既往无严重高血压、冠心病、糖尿病和呼吸系统疾病史。排除标准为手术可能涉及肝肾者、肝肾功能异常者和妊娠试验阳性者。剔除标准为手术时间小于2小时和失血量超过200 mL者。
1.2麻醉
患者入室后建立无创血压、心电图、脉搏氧监测。给予东莨菪碱0.3 mL和地塞米松5 mg。麻醉采用全身麻醉。诱导为丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg,芬太尼3 μg/kg,罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg。行气管插管。维持采用七氟烷(1-1.5個经年龄校准的最小肺泡有效浓度),瑞芬太尼0.1-0.3 μg/kg/min。将呼气末二氧化碳分压维持在30-40 mmHg之间,腹腔镜手术中气腹压力控制在11-14 cmH20。记录患者手术时间和气腹时间。分别于手术开始前和结束后30 min时抽取静脉血4 mL,测定血谷丙转氨酶(Alanine transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(Aspartate transaminase,AST)、尿素氮(Blood urea nitrogen,BUN)和肌酐(Creatinine,Cr)。
1.3统计分析
由一名对患者手术方式不知情的研究者录入和统计数据。数据以均数±标准差表示。术后和术前肝肾功能的比较采用重复测量的t检验。两组间年龄、BMI、手术时间和输液量的比较采用t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 2結果
2.1患者人口统计学和手术、麻醉参数
两组患者一般资料、手术和麻醉主要参数无显著差异(表1)。两组患者年龄、性别、体重指数和手术时间均一致(P值均>0.05)。
Table 1 Comparison of demographic and surgical parameters of the two groups
2.2BUN和Cr的变化
与术前相比,两组患者术后BUN和Cr均有升高,但开腹组患者升高无统计学意义,腹腔镜组Cr升高有统计学意义(P<0.05,图1)。
Fig. 1 Change of BUN (A) and Cr (B) after surgery in both groups
Note: * P<0.05 vs preoperatively; Group O: group of open surgery; Group L: group of laparoscopic surgery; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen, Cr Creatinine.
2.3ALT与AST的变化
与术前相比,机器人辅助腹腔镜组患者术后ALT和AST均有升高,有统计学意义(P均<0.05,图2)。但开腹组患者ALT和AST无变化。
Fig. 2 Change of ALT (A) and AST (B) after surgery in both groups
Note: * P<0.05 vs preoperatively; Group O: group of open surgery; Group R: group of laparoscopic surgery; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase
3讨论
本临床研究的结果表明腹腔镜术后患者肝肾功变化较开腹手术明显,提示气腹对肝肾功有影响。
本研究选择机器人辅助腔镜胃肠手术进行研究,并设立了开腹组作为对照,排除了手术可能涉及肝肾者,最大限度地排除了手术本身对肝肾功能的影响,因此结果中肝肾功能的变化与气腹相关性较好。在以前的研究中,高气腹压被证实对肝肾功的影响比低气腹压者更大[5,6]。本研究中气腹压力控制在11-14 cmH2O,是临床常用的气腹压力,但仍然表现出了对肝脏和肾脏功能的影响,这与部分既往研究是一致的[7,8]。虽然这一影响的临床意义尚无定论[9],但其提示对于肝脏和肾脏功能已有损害的患者,气腹可能加重肝肾功能障碍,应注意气腹压力和气腹时间的控制。
本研究的局限性在于对肝功能只观察了ALT和AST,对肾功能也只观察了血BUN 和Cr这两种指标,而未测定肾小球滤过率和尿量等更直观的肾功指标,但这些指标是临床最常用的检测指标,更易于被患者接受。另一方面,本研究为单中心小样本研究,还有待大样本临床研究的进一步验证,当前研究中观察到的肝肾功能改变的临床意义也有待进一步研究。
参考文献(References):
[1]Hoekstra LT, Ruys AT, Milstein DM, et al. Effects of prolonged pneumoperitoneum on hepatic perfusion during laparoscopy[J]. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(2): 302-307
[2]Wiesenthal JD, Fazio LM, Perks AE, et al. Effect of pneumoperitoneum on renal tissue oxygenation and blood flow in a rat model[J]. Urology, 2011,77(6): 1508, e9-e15
[3]Sánchez-Etayo G, Borrat X, Escobar B, et al. Effect of intra-abdominal?pressureon hepatic microcirculation: implications of the endothelin-1 receptor[J]. J Dig Dis, 2012, 13(9): 478-485
[4]Sassa N, Hattori R, Yamamoto T, et al. Direct visualization of renal hemodynamics affected by carbon dioxide-induced pneumoperitoneum[J]. Urology, 2009, 73(2): 311-355
[5]Gupta R, Kaman L, Dahiya D, et al. Effects of varying intraperitonealpressureonliverfunction?tests during laparoscopic cholecystectomy [J]. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2013, 23(4): 339-342
[6]Erylmaz HB, MemiD, Sezer A, et al. The effects of different insufflation pressures on liver functions assessed with LiMON on patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy[J]. Sci World J, 2012, 2012: 172575
[7]Li J, Liu YH, Ye ZY, et al. Two clinically relevant pressures of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum cause hepatic injury in a rabbit model[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2011, 17(31): 3652-3658
[8]de Barros RF, Miranda ML, de Mattos AC, et al. Kidney safety during surgical pneumoperitoneum: an experimental study in rats[J]. Surg Endosc, 2012, 26(11): 3195-3200
[9]Seguro AC, Poli de Figueiredo LF, Shimizu MH. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) protects against acute kidney injury (AKI) following prolonged pneumoperitoneum in the rat[J]. J Surg Res, 2012, 175(2): 312-315
关键词:腹腔镜下手术;气腹;肝功能;肾功能
中图分类号:R445.11; R713 文献标识码:A 文章编号:
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81070966);贝朗麻醉科研基金(BBF-2013-009);西京医院助推项目 (XJZT10Y17)
Abstract:Objective: To compare the change of hepatic and renal function after open or laparoscopic gastroenterological surgery. Methods: Patients scheduled for open or robotic laparoscopic gastroenterological surgery were involved in this study (n=20). Inclusion criteria included age between 18-30 yr, BMI between 18-30 kg/cm2 and ASA status 1-2. Anesthesia induction was done with propofol(1.5-2 mg/kg)and fentanyl(2-4 μg/kg). Anesthesia was maintained by sevoflurane and remifentanil. Narcotrend index was maintained at 40-60 during surgery. Venous blood sample was collected before and at 30min after surgery for assay of Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Creatinine(Cr). Results: Compared with patients undergoing open surgery, those undergoing laparoscopic gastroenterological surgery showed significant change of ALT, AST and Cr. Conclusion: Pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic gastroenterological surgery could lead to abnormal hepatic and renal function. However, the clinical significance of this change is still unclear.
Keywords: Laparoscopic surgery; pneumoperitoneum; hepatic function; renal function
腔镜手术因其创伤更小、操作更精细而迅速得到普及。但腔镜手术中需建立气腹,腹压增加对腹部脏器血流供应的影响可能较大[1,2]。可能引起肝功能和肾功能一过性的改变[1-4]。而且目前临床所用的11-14 cm H2O的气腹压力不能排除对内脏功能的影响。本研究拟观察开腹和腹腔镜两种胃肠手术后患者肝肾功能的改变,从而评估腹腔镜手术下气腹对肝肾功能的影响。
1方法
1.1患者
本研究经西京医院伦理会批准,所有患者均签署知情同意书。本研究纳入择期接受开腹(O组)或腹腔镜下胃肠手术(L组)的连续患者各20例。纳入标准为18-65岁,体重指数18-30,美国麻醉医师协会分级1-2级,既往无严重高血压、冠心病、糖尿病和呼吸系统疾病史。排除标准为手术可能涉及肝肾者、肝肾功能异常者和妊娠试验阳性者。剔除标准为手术时间小于2小时和失血量超过200 mL者。
1.2麻醉
患者入室后建立无创血压、心电图、脉搏氧监测。给予东莨菪碱0.3 mL和地塞米松5 mg。麻醉采用全身麻醉。诱导为丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg,芬太尼3 μg/kg,罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg。行气管插管。维持采用七氟烷(1-1.5個经年龄校准的最小肺泡有效浓度),瑞芬太尼0.1-0.3 μg/kg/min。将呼气末二氧化碳分压维持在30-40 mmHg之间,腹腔镜手术中气腹压力控制在11-14 cmH20。记录患者手术时间和气腹时间。分别于手术开始前和结束后30 min时抽取静脉血4 mL,测定血谷丙转氨酶(Alanine transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(Aspartate transaminase,AST)、尿素氮(Blood urea nitrogen,BUN)和肌酐(Creatinine,Cr)。
1.3统计分析
由一名对患者手术方式不知情的研究者录入和统计数据。数据以均数±标准差表示。术后和术前肝肾功能的比较采用重复测量的t检验。两组间年龄、BMI、手术时间和输液量的比较采用t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 2結果
2.1患者人口统计学和手术、麻醉参数
两组患者一般资料、手术和麻醉主要参数无显著差异(表1)。两组患者年龄、性别、体重指数和手术时间均一致(P值均>0.05)。
Table 1 Comparison of demographic and surgical parameters of the two groups
2.2BUN和Cr的变化
与术前相比,两组患者术后BUN和Cr均有升高,但开腹组患者升高无统计学意义,腹腔镜组Cr升高有统计学意义(P<0.05,图1)。
Fig. 1 Change of BUN (A) and Cr (B) after surgery in both groups
Note: * P<0.05 vs preoperatively; Group O: group of open surgery; Group L: group of laparoscopic surgery; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen, Cr Creatinine.
2.3ALT与AST的变化
与术前相比,机器人辅助腹腔镜组患者术后ALT和AST均有升高,有统计学意义(P均<0.05,图2)。但开腹组患者ALT和AST无变化。
Fig. 2 Change of ALT (A) and AST (B) after surgery in both groups
Note: * P<0.05 vs preoperatively; Group O: group of open surgery; Group R: group of laparoscopic surgery; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase
3讨论
本临床研究的结果表明腹腔镜术后患者肝肾功变化较开腹手术明显,提示气腹对肝肾功有影响。
本研究选择机器人辅助腔镜胃肠手术进行研究,并设立了开腹组作为对照,排除了手术可能涉及肝肾者,最大限度地排除了手术本身对肝肾功能的影响,因此结果中肝肾功能的变化与气腹相关性较好。在以前的研究中,高气腹压被证实对肝肾功的影响比低气腹压者更大[5,6]。本研究中气腹压力控制在11-14 cmH2O,是临床常用的气腹压力,但仍然表现出了对肝脏和肾脏功能的影响,这与部分既往研究是一致的[7,8]。虽然这一影响的临床意义尚无定论[9],但其提示对于肝脏和肾脏功能已有损害的患者,气腹可能加重肝肾功能障碍,应注意气腹压力和气腹时间的控制。
本研究的局限性在于对肝功能只观察了ALT和AST,对肾功能也只观察了血BUN 和Cr这两种指标,而未测定肾小球滤过率和尿量等更直观的肾功指标,但这些指标是临床最常用的检测指标,更易于被患者接受。另一方面,本研究为单中心小样本研究,还有待大样本临床研究的进一步验证,当前研究中观察到的肝肾功能改变的临床意义也有待进一步研究。
参考文献(References):
[1]Hoekstra LT, Ruys AT, Milstein DM, et al. Effects of prolonged pneumoperitoneum on hepatic perfusion during laparoscopy[J]. Ann Surg, 2013, 257(2): 302-307
[2]Wiesenthal JD, Fazio LM, Perks AE, et al. Effect of pneumoperitoneum on renal tissue oxygenation and blood flow in a rat model[J]. Urology, 2011,77(6): 1508, e9-e15
[3]Sánchez-Etayo G, Borrat X, Escobar B, et al. Effect of intra-abdominal?pressureon hepatic microcirculation: implications of the endothelin-1 receptor[J]. J Dig Dis, 2012, 13(9): 478-485
[4]Sassa N, Hattori R, Yamamoto T, et al. Direct visualization of renal hemodynamics affected by carbon dioxide-induced pneumoperitoneum[J]. Urology, 2009, 73(2): 311-355
[5]Gupta R, Kaman L, Dahiya D, et al. Effects of varying intraperitonealpressureonliverfunction?tests during laparoscopic cholecystectomy [J]. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2013, 23(4): 339-342
[6]Erylmaz HB, MemiD, Sezer A, et al. The effects of different insufflation pressures on liver functions assessed with LiMON on patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy[J]. Sci World J, 2012, 2012: 172575
[7]Li J, Liu YH, Ye ZY, et al. Two clinically relevant pressures of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum cause hepatic injury in a rabbit model[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2011, 17(31): 3652-3658
[8]de Barros RF, Miranda ML, de Mattos AC, et al. Kidney safety during surgical pneumoperitoneum: an experimental study in rats[J]. Surg Endosc, 2012, 26(11): 3195-3200
[9]Seguro AC, Poli de Figueiredo LF, Shimizu MH. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) protects against acute kidney injury (AKI) following prolonged pneumoperitoneum in the rat[J]. J Surg Res, 2012, 175(2): 312-315